（2001）创业是通过投入必要的时间和努力，承担伴随的财务、心理和社会风险，并获得金钱和个人满足和独立的回报，创造不同价值的过程。
Entrepreneurship involves the creation process – creating something new of value. The creation has to have value to the entrepreneur and value to the society for which it is developed. Entrepreneurship requires the devotion of the necessary time and effort. and involves assuming the necessary risks. These risks take a variety of forms depending on the field, but generally risks centre around: Financial, Psychology, and Social areas.
创业包括创造过程——创造新的价值。创造必须对企业家有价值，对社会有价值。创业需要投入必要的时间和精力。并涉及承担必要的风险。这些风险根据不同的领域采取不同的形式，但通常风险集中在：金融、心理学和社会领域。
Also entrepreneurship involves rewards such as: High degree of independence- freedom from constraints, Get to use a variety of skills and talents
创业还包括以下奖励：高度独立-不受约束，获得各种技能和才能
INNOVATION 创新
Innovation can be defined as utilization of inventions to produce new and better quality of products that give greater satisfaction to the consumer and high profits to the entrepreneur.
创新可以定义为利用发明创造出新的、质量更好的产品，使消费者更满意，使企业家获得高利润。
Innovation is the management of all the activities involved in the process of idea generation, technology development, manufacturing and marketing of a new (or improved) product or manufacturing process or equipment.
创新是对新（或改进）产品或制造工艺或设备的创意产生、技术开发、制造和营销过程中涉及的所有活动的管理。
Innovation is the successful implementation of novel and appropriate ideas (creativity) within an organization.
创新是在一个组织内成功实施新颖和适当的想法（创造力）。
Common causes of failure within the innovation process in most organizations can be distilled into five types: Poor goal definition, Poor alignment of actions to goals, Poor participation in teams, Poor monitoring of results and Poor communication and access to information
大多数组织创新过程中失败的常见原因可归纳为五种类型：目标定义不佳、行动与目标的一致性差、团队参与度差、结果监测差、沟通和信息获取差
Inventions are new discoveries, new ways of doing things and that products are the eventual outputs form the inventions, that process from new discovery to eventual product is the innovation process.
创新是新发现、新的做事方式，产品是创新的最终产物，从新发现到最终产品的过程就是创新过程。
Innovation as a process and not as a single event within organizations helps individuals who define problems, have ideas and perform creative linkages and associations that lead to inventions. Moreover, within organizations it is individuals in the role of managers who decide what activities should be undertaken, the amount of resources to be deployed and how they should be carried out. This has led to the development of so-called key individuals in the innovation process such as inventor, entrepreneur, business sponsor etc.
创新是一个过程，而不是组织内的一个单一事件，有助于个人定义问题、有想法并进行创造性的联系和联想，从而产生发明。此外，在组织内部，由担任管理者的个人决定应开展哪些活动、部署的资源数量以及如何开展这些活动。这导致了创新过程中所谓关键人物的发展，如发明家、企业家、商业赞助商等。
Amabile et al. (1996) propose:
“All innovation begins with creative ideas . . . We define innovation as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization. In this view, creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is necessary but not sufficient condition for the second”.
“所有创新都始于创意……我们将创新定义为在组织内成功实施创意。在这种观点下，个人和团队的创意是创新的起点；第一个是创新的必要条件，但不是第二个的充分条件”。
For innovation to occur, something more than the generation of a creative idea or insight is required: the insight must be put into action to make a genuine difference, resulting for example in new or altered business processes within the organization, or changes in the products and services provided.
要实现创新，需要的不仅仅是产生创造性的想法或见解：必须将见解付诸行动，以产生真正的差异，例如，导致组织内新的或改变的业务流程，或所提供的产品和服务发生变化。
4.0 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE AND INNOVATION 组织结构和创新
QUESITON 1
Identify the strand of organization structure and innovation approach used by the bakhresa group.is it ‘organic’ or ‘mechanistic’ structure followed by the bakhresa group?识别bakhresa集团使用的组织结构和创新方法。巴赫雷萨集团是“有机”还是“机械”结构？
INNOVATION IN BAKHRESA group BAKHRESA集团的创新
Bakhresa Group applying innovation has linked to performance of different and growth through improvements in efficiency, productivity, quality competitive positioning, market share etc.
Bakhresa集团通过提高效率、生产力、质量竞争定位、市场份额等，将创新应用于不同
