本文是一篇教育管理论文，笔者认为在更大的背景下，对加纳和非洲高等教育中渴望担任传统上男性主导职位的女性领导人的研究相当不足。尽管加纳女学者面临着众多复杂的挑战，但目前还没有发表关于加纳教育学院女学者面临的挑战的研究报告，特别是少数发现女性学者打破了管理的玻璃天花板。这项研究解决了教育学院背景下文献中的严重差距，并试图提供对学院女性领导人可能不同的经验的见解。这项研究试图深入了解加纳教育学院中妇女在领导方面面临的挑战，并探索她们之间共同的应对机制，这些机制有助于她们的领导实践。
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Literature on women before the 1970s were significantly limited to studying women and their environment, marriage, family relationships, and sexual roles (Weiner, 1976, p. xv). The significance of women’s roles in the economic, social, and political lives of both pre-colonial and post-colonial societies was rarely discussed if not neglected totally. In today’s world, though the contribution of women in development cannot be underestimated, they seem not to have been given the fair opportunity or fully and effectively integrated into the development planning agenda of various societies.
The development of any country under the globe is undoubtedly dependent on how well it fully utilizes its human resources both men and women. Significantly women make up more than half of the world’s population yet not much can be said of their status in the global development agenda as they seem to be much lower than men in almost all spheres of life. Nevertheless, throughout history, women have struggled to improve their own lives and to some extent the lives of others who come after them.
1.1 Background of the Study
Traditionally women have been identified and associated with communal and domestic work whereas professional and economic work has been attributed to masculinity paving the way for a male-dominated professional working space. Today, the narrative seems to be changing as most discussions on national development has been firmly tied to the development and advancement of women (Wirth, 1997). As the famous Ghanaian Dr. Kwegyire Aggrey, a scholar and missionary sum it “if you educate a man you educate an individual but if you educate a woman u educate a whole society” (Kamsler, 2011). Just to argue the exceptional and important role women play in the development agenda of various nations.
Women are a major source of labour, however, their efforts in gaining managerial roles can be best described as “struggling for identity”. On the global front, women began penetrating into the active labour only after the 2nd World War as a result of the need for women to also earn incomes to support families (Gold, 2003). Prior to the famous Beijing Conference (1995), the United Nations (UN) between (1975 – 1985) held series of conferences on women, resulting in creating awareness of the importance and significance of women in the global economic enterprise. These actions have over the years seen a tremendous increase of women in the global labour force yet much of these women haven’t been given the opportunity to be part of those running the affairs, as most of them occupy lower rank positions which requires less education and experiences and practice at work, placing them far away from decision making in various organizations.
Globally, Female leaders in most organisations, still account for a small percentage of those in senior positions (Reskin, 2002). Quite more often although females in such senior positions have remarkable educational qualifications and job experience, it remains the fate that very few of them are likely to accomplish the same levels
