vernment, known as the prime minister, was appointed by the president and confirmed by the State Duma. The government was housed in the so-called White House in Moscow. The government was to ensure the implementation of domestic and foreign policy, works out the federal budget, oversees the implementation of financial and monetary policy, ensures the rule of law, human rights and freedoms. In addition, government formulates the state budget, and submits it to the State Duma and issues a report on its implementation. In late 1994, the parliament successfully demanded that the government begin submitting quarterly reports on budget expenditures and adhere to other guidelines on budgetary matters. If the State Duma rejects a draft budget from the government, the budget was submitted to a conciliation commission. [2]
Russian parliament (Federal Assembly) consists of two chamber that is State Duma and Federal Council. Both its chambers are located in Moscow. Parliamentary approval is required only for the prime minister. State Duma is the lower house in Russian Federal Assembly and the most powerful chamber and the main legislative body in Russia. Duma has 450 members (deputies) which elected for five years. Besides that, Duma can refuse to the president's nomination, but at a high price 'blocking' three consecutive nominations results in the dissolution of the Duma. The choices of Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin (prime ministers) have been a-political ï¬gures which are 'technocrats', career bureaucrats and professionals. [3] The Russian government allowed the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe to carry out only limited-scale monitoring of the vote which is 200 monitors. In May 2011, Russia's Central Election Committee adopted a resolution strictly limiting the activities of election observers, including forbidding Russian citizens to be members of international monitoring missions (Report, 2012).
The Federation Council of Russia is the upper house of the Russian Parliament in 1993. Council has 168 members (senators). It was to act as a voice of Russia's federated entities. The Council has explicitly stated that no political factions are to exist in the upper house. Unlike the State Duma, the Council is not directly elected. It consist two representatives of Russia's federal entities. One is elected by the entity's legislature and the other is nominated by the entity's head (Country, 2006). The terms of the members aren't nationally fixed, but depend on the terms of the regional bodies that chose them. The Council works with the lower chamber to complete and vote on draft laws. The Federation Council also has special powers of its own, including the declaration of a presidential election, impeachment of the President and decisions on the use of the armed forces outside Russia's territory. It also has the responsibility to confirm or remove procurator general as well as the judges of the constitutional court, the Supreme Court, and the higher Arbitration Court upon the president's recommendation. It has less political power then state Duma (Country,2006).
Economic systems 经济制度
The economy of Russia is considered by International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. Nowadays, Russia is the ninth largest economy in the world which measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in current dollar (Aslund & Hufbauer, 2011). Since the collapse of Soviet Union, Russia has experience significant changes and moving from a globally-isolated econom
