countries, the model itself has some draw backs, as the staff of IBM are not only influenced by the national cultural but also are influenced by the organizational culture and hence this study may not reveal the pure information on the national culture, as the employees are also inclined by IBM policies and procedures. But however the framework depicts the cultural difference among the countries in five dimensions:
由于研究的主要重点是找出国家间的文化差异与公司国际化进程之间的关系,因此将使用不同的统计数据和信息来源。为了了解各国文化差异下的关系,我们需要了解,因为这将使研究能够更好地理解这一概念。为了获得这些信息,Hofstede的工作被用于获得文化距离的信息。Hofstede开发的模型提供了一组变量,允许文化与各种商业方法之间的关系。Hofstede的文化后果研究是使用从全球不同国家的IBM员工中收集的数据进行的。尽管这是一种了解国家间文化距离的好方法,但该模型本身也有一些缺点,因为IBM的员工不仅受到国家文化的影响,还受到组织文化的影响。因此,本研究可能无法揭示有关国家文化的纯信息,因为员工也倾向于IBM的政策和程序。但是,该框架从五个方面描述了各国之间的文化差异:
They are 他们是
The first among them is the power distance: this depicts the distance between individual of different ranks.
其中第一个是权力距离:这描述了不同等级的个人之间的距离。
The next is Individualism this reflects the extent to which an individual relies on a group or collective approach to issues, or the extent to which the individuals takes individuals initiative to solve problems.其次是个人主义,这反映了个人在多大程度上依赖于群体或集体解决问题的方法,或个人主动解决问题的程度。
Uncertainty avoidance, which reflects on people's attitudes on ambiguity in a society or country.避免不确定性,这反映了人们对社会或国家中歧义的态度。
The third is Masculinity, the gender differences, in more masculinity, results in assertiveness, competitiveness and need to achieve results; low masculinity suggests co-operation and more caring approaches.第三是男子气概,性别差异,在更多的男子气概中,导致自信、竞争力和取得成果的需要;低男子气概意味着合作和更多的关爱方式。
Lastly, the fifth dimension which is the result of the work of Hofstede, with the Chinese cultural connection group (1987) which resulted in another dimension called the Long term orientation, more Asian culture prefer long term bond and oppose short term contracts.最后,第五个维度是霍夫斯泰德的工作成果,与中国文化联系小组产生了另一个维度,称为长期导向,更多的亚洲文化倾向于长期关系,反对短期合同。
The subsequent resource of information is associated with the exports. Information will be collected from the World Trade Organization (2008) and contain data about the selected countries for the research, North America,随后的信息资源与导出相关联。信息将从世界贸易组织收集,
Middle East and Europe.中东和欧洲
Ultimately, the information required is different sources of information about the flows of foreign direct investment among each pair of groups of countries. The data for this dataset will be gathered for each pair of countries in isolation and thus different sources will be used.
最终,所需的信息是每对国家之间外国直接投资流动的不同信息来源。该数据集的数据将分别针对每对国家收集,因此将使用不同的来源。
To understand the proximity of the relationship among the pair of countries can be understood from the information gathered about the cultural distance with the help of Hofstede framework. This understanding of the closeness of the culture will help to answer the question whether business are only ready to trade with those countries which are narrow in terms of cultural distance.
为了了解这两个国家之间关系的接近程度,可以借助Hofstede框架从收集的文化距离信息中了解。这种对文化紧密性的理解将有助于回答这样一个问题:企业是否只准备与那些文化距离较窄的国家进行贸易。
The methods used for analysing are:用于分析的方法有
In order to assess the level to which the aspect of cultural distance plays a significant part on the business decision on the new ventures with certain nation, can be analyzed with the help of analysis of the pair of countries from the selected parts of the world. This examination will integrate assess of the comparative distance of the two countries, and an evaluation of the relative influence of the exports and of Foreign Direct Investment in the total exports and Foreign Direct Investment of each country. The information will provide a chance to spotlight on the connection between the cultural distance and the actual international link of business in the two groups of countries, with numerical techniques. This examination will be complimented with relative details of the culture of the both the countries.
为了评估文化距离在与某个国家的新企业的商业决策中所起的重要作用,可以借助于来自世界选定地区的成对国家的分析来进行分析。这项审查将综合评估两国的相对距离,并评估出口和外国直接投资对每个国家的出口总额和外国直接资本的相对影响。这些信息将提供一个机会,通过数字技术,聚焦两组国家的文化距离与实际国际商业联系之间的联系。这项考