ural distance and psychic distance separately. Through the use of survey data of more than 300 managers, this article shows that both concepts are conceptually different and that psychic distance is determined by cultural distance and the individual values of the managers.
文化距离和心理距离是国际商业文献中广泛使用的两个因素。大量研究将这两个概念互换使用，没有明确的区别。作者提出了一种新的模型来分别评估文化距离和心理距离。通过使用300多名管理者的调查数据，本文表明，这两个概念在概念上是不同的，心理距离是由文化距离和管理者的个人价值观决定的。
Hofstede is a pioneer in explaining the cultural distances among the countries with his work "cultural consequences" in 1984. He worked on the employees of IBM in different countries and identified four cultural dimensions, even though the scope of his research is limited as there no IBM offices in some countries, but his work is widely accepted in the study of national cultural differences among countries . The existence of cultural problems can be to some extent eliminated by adopting a evolutionary process by business during the process of entry into international markets. Hashai and Almor (2004: p. 465) demonstrate this gradual process of entering the market that can be used as an argument in favour of the actual difficulties in entering international markets, since three levels of entry are referred.
霍夫斯特德在1984年的作品《文化后果》中是解释各国文化距离的先驱。他对IBM在不同国家的员工进行了研究，并确定了四个文化维度，尽管他的研究范围有限，因为IBM在一些国家没有办事处，但他的工作在研究国家间的民族文化差异方面被广泛接受。通过企业在进入国际市场的过程中采用一种进化过程，可以在一定程度上消除文化问题的存在。Hashai和Almor证明了这种进入市场的渐进过程，可以作为支持进入国际市场的实际困难的论据，因为涉及三个层次的进入。
Results show the following internationalization sequence over time: (1) exports are employed initially in order to serve customers in psychically close international markets; (2) subsequently, greenfield marketing subsidiaries are established in these markets; (3) finally, businesss engage in mergers and acquisitions, create subsidiaries that incorporate several value-adding activities and penetrate psychically distant international markets.
结果表明，随着时间的推移，国际化的顺序如下：（1）出口最初是为了在心理上接近的国际市场上为客户服务；（2） 随后，在这些市场建立了绿地营销子公司；（3） 最后，企业进行兼并和收购，创建子公司，整合多种增值活动，并渗透到遥远的国际市场。
Hofstede (1989), states that the main risk in internationalization is: signifying that in spite of the existence of a few cultural gaps, which may not be very troublesome or are even opposite, differences among two cultures in terms of uncertainty avoidance can turn into a possible foundation of problems for business who are looking for international markets due to the linked gap in acceptance of the level of risk, formalization, and the approximating.
Hofstede指出，国际化的主要风险是：这意味着尽管存在一些文化差异，这些差异可能不是很麻烦，甚至相反，两种文化在避免不确定性方面的差异可能会成为寻找国际市场的企业面临的问题的基础，因为在接受风险水平、形式化和近似性方面存在关联差距。
This viewpoint is very significant, and it can be linked with the resource- based viewpoint. In order to spend in global markets, business requires also investing in their information and adjustment to the host countries culture. However, as a consequence of the internationalisation process, business are expected to obtain awareness regarding global sites, organizational features and other country specific information (Barkema et al., 1996) as there should be more open to communication with fresh cultures.
这个观点非常重要，它可以与基于资源的观点联系起来。为了在全球市场上消费，企业还需要对信息进行投资，并调整东道国的文化。然而，由于国际化进程的结果，预计企业将获得有关全球站点、组织特征和其他国家特定信息的认识，因为与新文化的交流应该更加开放。
Ultimately, as an instance of threats of entry into international markets, there are five factors which are identified with the export of goods among the countries.最后，作为进入国际市场的威胁的一个例子，各国之间的货物出口有五个因素。
From the analysis of the prior experiential literature, five common export threats have been identified. The prior among them are the non-exporting business tends to recognize obstacles in a different way from export trade. They put additional importance on factors inhibiting the commencement of export actions, while exporting trade stress operational, practical and market associated troubles. Next, the character, as well as the level complexity of export impediments varies not only among export stages, but also between businesses at the equal stage of export growth process. Next, t
