欧洲联盟,条约于1993年成立,为实现政治和经济融合的测定。是由27个国家加入联盟。欧盟是世界上最大的区域贸易集团,已采取措施,开放能源市场,自七月2007。贸易自由化政策的主要原因是为了增加竞争,在这个行业有一个垄断的国家。
European Union, which was established in 1993 by Treaty of Maashrist, for the determination of accomplishing political and economic amalgamation. Joining the Union community are 27 countries. EU, which is the largest regional trading bloc in the world, has been taking initiatives to liberalize the energy market since July 2007. The main reason to liberalize trade policies was to increase competition, as there was a monopoly of countries in this sector. Example: Electricitie de France, for example, has an 87 percent share of that country.
Regional Integration 区域一体化
There are many reasons for this regional integration of the EU, one of the main objectives has been to strengthen the trade integration in this area, aiding in private sector development which would impact the economic growth as they have created a single market through enforcement of standard laws which allows free movement of goods, people, capital and services. Regional integration has also helped in development of infrastructure and institutions, adroit governance, socio-cultural development, environmental development, fostering peace and strengthening security and strengthening regional interaction on a global platform.
Energy Market Scenario pre -liberalization 能源市场方案前自由化
The national markets in the EU were dominated by a single enterprise in most cases a former state owned utility. To further complicate the matters these companies were vertically integrated hence establishing a monopolistic market condition. These national monopolies within the EU energy market, are causing high set up costs, vertical integration, high sunk costs, higher pricing systems, productivity is less causing low employment. They have been inefficient in achieving high economies of scale.
Need and Benefits of liberalization 自由化的需求与利益
As globalization is increasing the competiveness of companies is also on high. The EU is also trying to increase competition in the energy market, which would lead to lower costs and prices, directing towards establishment of an efficient market.
These are the similar factors the EU energy market and one of the reason the union trying to liberalize their trade policies as to use the resources in the best possible way through elimination of national monopolies and establishment of a single market in order to protect the interest of weaker member countries and protecting the member states foreign imports by erecting high tariff barriers. In order to liberalize the market they have insisted on de-integration of utilities and split it into generation, transmission and selling of energy.
Their basic aim has been to open the market to competition within the eu which would benefit in various ways increase competitiveness would decrease the prices and directly benefit the customers, as they are various alternatives to choose from and they would have to pay less because of the competitive pricing strategies. These completive strategies help in steadying the energy market and also protecting the environment. There would be lower government intervention. This regional integration would link various members states increase their dependency on each other and facilitate employment and investment opportunities.
Implications of liberalization and revolution in environment post -liberalization
Disintegration played a crucial role in the process of liberalization hence Separation of the three verticals (disintegration) in the power companies has changed the market structure and impacted the producers as well as the environment. It would eventually break national monopolies and replace the markets of 27 member states by a single -market for electricity
There are many implications post liberalization. Eu energy producers would face increased competition, hence Cost pressures would increase due to loss of monopoly and they would be forced to adopt competitive pricing. As