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教皇在文艺复兴时期的意大利政治中的作用:The Role of Papacy in the Politics of Renaissance Italy

日期:2018年01月29日 编辑:ad201708310846561631 作者:无忧论文网 点击次数:2140
论文价格:免费 论文编号:lw201404181551411943 论文字数:3311 所属栏目:宗教论文
论文地区:意大利 论文语种:English 论文用途:作业/作文 composition

Introduction引言

文艺复兴时期的代名词是“重生”,但重生是什么呢?这是一个很重要的问题。一提到意大利文艺复兴,那么第一件事情就是一段伟大的生产力和艺术与文学的发展,透过作品我们可以领略到诸如著意大利艺术家米开朗基罗和达芬奇等等人物,以及他们在哲学等思想方面的先进成就。

Renaissance is synonymous with rebirth, yet rebirth from and to what is an important question. The first thing that comes to mind at the mention of the Italian Renaissance is that it is a period of great productivity and developments in the arts and literature made evident through the works by renowned Italian artists like Michelangelo and da Vinci, as well as in philosophical thoughts brought about by the rediscovery of the Hellenistic philosophies.


从1350年到1550年期间,人们的进步体现在诸如思想方面等的各种文化活动。事实上,希腊以及 罗马文明在意大利的“重生”其实是表现在人们对人文主义的倾向性。然而更值得注意的一个发展是,世俗政治远离教皇的据点并且逐渐漂移。

From the period between 1350 and 1550, there were progresses anew in such various cultural pursuits due to the growing ambiance of intellectual freedom. Indeed, there was a rebirth of the Greco-Roman civilization in Italy manifested through the proclivity of the Italian population with the humanist studies. More noteworthy a development, however, was the gradual drift of secular politics away from the stronghold of the papacy.


Behind the palpable developments in culture and the arts, therefore, is a rebirth from a previous lifestyle in an era marked by excessive religiosity, when all intellectual, artistic, personal, societal and political activities were centered on Christianity and papacy.


Its cultural, scientific and artistic contributions in history notwithstanding, the Renaissance is thus a period of turmoil; turmoil in political and religious institutions, where at its core is the greatest invested power of its time–the papacy of the Roman Catholic Church. This paper is about the position of the papacy in politics in Italy during the Renaissance, with some references being made to European politics as well.


An Overview of the Papal Power Prior to and During the Renaissance罗马教皇的权力和在文艺复兴时期概述

The pope, during the Renaissance, remains to be one of the most important forces to be reckoned in the cultural and political life in Italy as well as in Western and Central Europe in general. The papal jurisdiction, however, which came under grave attack at this time, was a phenomenon in the making since the earlier Ages. It is a marvel how the Church, an institution of extremely humble beginnings–the poor Christians savagely persecuted in the Roman Republic arenas–rose to such position of immense power and authority.


Suffice it to say though, that the conversion of Constantine propelled Christianity into the seat of prominence, as well as exemplified the union of state and religious leadership. When the Roman Empire eventually crumbled and was supplanted by the new powers, the European kingdoms, the church become independent of the States in religious matters and also gained political clout over purely secular matters.


It is in the "weak political system of feudalism", as Eckhardt explains, where the "well-organized, unified, and centralized" Roman Catholic Church flourished, under the directive, of course, of its pope. The papacy was the pillar that supported Europe and Italy community when they descended into a time of social and political disarray after the fall of the Roman Empire.


When references are made to the Middle Ages, the stage just before the Renaissance, it is almost instinctive to think of European societies as intrinsically intertwined with Roman Catholicism. During this time, the power of the popes reached its zenith; the church, patently the strongest influence in society and politics. Princes, feudal lords and peasants alike strictly adhered with religious tenets and paid homage to the leaders of the church.


That a bishop played a key part in the orchestration of a historic war, or that the permission of the pope was sought by kings before major undertakings was not at all unusual that time. The Church together with the pope was beyond reproach, beyond fault. That the church became central to European politics was justified, if