n the Onion Skin Model of Contextualization. Authors mainly discussed the cases concerning bargaining from 1960s to 1990s, and negotiation from the latter stages of the World War Two to 1990s, covering important economic, political and military issues during that period. From 1974 to 1979, the authors in the IR articles mainly applied bargaining as an approach to conduct the negotiations in IR theoretical framework, while in 1980 bargaining was mainly used to describe a discussion among parties in practice. In the following years, the two usages of bargaining appeared alternately in the article. For negotiation, it was mainly used to narrate an important activity in IR context from 1974 to 1977, while in 1978 it was more used as a scientific term in game theoretic models of bargaining. From then on, negotiation is both used as a scientific term and an ordinary language item in IR discourse. For bargaining, only the sense corresponding with second definition from OED was found in IO. Therefore, the concepts of bargaining are narrower and its development is relatively stable during current observation period. For negotiation, both of the first two sense from OED were found. From 1974 to 1977, negotiation was specialized as “a discussion or process of treaty with another (or others) aimed at reaching an agreement about a particular issue, problem, etc. (first definition from OED)” (e.g. Seabeds negotiations, ISRA negotiations). Since 1978, scholars theorize and cite negotiation as a formal method applied in IR contexts. It refers to “the action, activity, or process of negotiating with another or others” (second definition from OED), which is a specific usage of negotiation (e.g. negotiation set). The concepts of negotiation are broadened in IR discourses.
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