make sure the product reaches in high quality up the supply chain but it is also equally important how it is coming from the suppliers. For example: In the clothing industry, Primark imports all the products from its suppliers in low wages country like Bangladesh. Primark does make sure that the product reaches in good quality to the customers but how it is coming from supplier was unknown. The incident that occurred in 2013 by collapse of four-storied building took lives of more one thousand people so this kind of incidents can hamper the image and goodwill of the company. Similarly, the horsemeat scandal in 2013 is a biggest example in the food industry that reflects on why traceability is important.
食品加工行业主要关注的是易腐性、产品质量，最重要的是可追溯性。它是易腐的，因为它的使用寿命短，担心新鲜度和储存时间，而人们期望它的高质量。包装、化学处理和冷藏是保持产品质量的几个重要步骤。Nabhani和Shokri提到，食品行业的问题是客户无法感知质量，但在制造公司，质量非常清楚。如今，食品加工企业意识到马肉丑闻等事件的可追溯性非常重要。它有助于提供从生产地到最终客户的食品供应的清晰信息。根据Regattieri等人的说法，可追溯性是一种方法，有助于提供更安全的食品供应，并有助于连接生产者和消费者。从AF的情况来看，它对这些事情非常谨慎，这对食品加工公司来说是个好兆头，但这不是一项容易的任务。AF是一个确保产品在供应链中达到高质量的处理器，但它如何来自供应商也同样重要。例如：在服装行业，Primark从孟加拉国等低工资国家的供应商那里进口所有产品。Primark确实确保产品以良好的质量到达客户手中，但它是如何从供应商那里来的还不得而知。2013年发生的四层楼倒塌事件夺走了1000多人的生命，这类事件可能会损害公司的形象和商誉。同样，2013年的马肉丑闻是食品行业反映可追溯性重要性的最大例子。
Christopher and Peck (2004) stresses that supply chain vulnerability is the major problem to consider for the companies. It is further mentioned that there are mainly five kind of risks involved in supply chain especially in this modern global business days. The five risks involved are briefly described below:
Christopher和Peck强调，供应链脆弱性是企业需要考虑的主要问题。进一步指出，供应链尤其是在当今全球商业时代，主要涉及五种风险。所涉及的五种风险简述如下：
Processes: Processes are the steps taken for value-adding and other managerial activities that are taken by the company. Christopher and Peck (2004) mentions that internally owned or managed functionalities, transport and other infrastructure needs to be considered very carefully to avoid process risk. In the case of AF, all beef and lamb are processed on the site in own abattoir with all carcasses inspected, stamped and labelled by HMC inspectors. To avoid process risk, company needs to consider transportation, infrastructure used in the abattoir and communication between the people that can also help to control the waste.
流程：流程是指公司为增值和其他管理活动而采取的步骤。Christopher和Peck提到，需要非常仔细地考虑内部拥有或管理的功能、运输和其他基础设施，以避免过程风险。在AF的情况下，所有牛肉和羊肉都在自己的屠宰场现场加工，所有胴体都由HMC检查员检查、盖章和贴标签。为了避免过程风险，公司需要考虑运输、屠宰场使用的基础设施以及人员之间的沟通，这也有助于控制废物。
Controls: Christopher and Peck (2004) mentions that controls are the rules, systems and procedures that gives the picture of the company controlling on its processes. For example: order quantities, safety stock policies and transportation management. AF can have the risks of too much order quantities from the suppliers. While doing the safety stock there can be issues of spaces for storing and wastage of time.
控制：Christopher和Peck提到，控制是指公司控制其流程的规则、系统和程序。例如：订单数量、安全库存政策和运输管理。AF可能存在供应商订单数量过多的风险。在进行安全库存时，可能存在存储空间和浪费时间的问题。
Demand: This risk relates with the potential or actual disturbances for the flow of the product downstream. AF being a food processing industry traceability is important as mentioned earlier. The product quality and standards must be high for the customer’s demand like for supermarket chain and restaurant chain. AF have the comprehensive traceability system to ensure high standards but it might be risky if it could not trace the supplier.
需求：这种风险与下游产品流动的潜在或实际干扰有关。AF作为食品加工行业的可追溯性如前所述非常重要。产品质量和标准必须符合客户的需求，如连锁超市和连锁餐厅。AF拥有全面的可追溯系统，以确保高标准，但如果不能追溯供应商，可能会有风险。
Supply: This risk relates with the potential or actual disturbances upstream. For AF, as a food processing company if there is delay in supply from suppliers can create problems for fulfilling the demand.
供应：该风险与上游潜在或实际干扰有关。对于AF来说，作为一家食品加工公司，如果供应商延迟供应，可能会给满足需求带来问题。
Environment: These kind of risks can directly affect the company, whole supply chain and the market where it operates. Christopher and Peck (2004) mentions that this kind of incidents could be product contamination, accident a
