According to Ohno (1988) there are seven kind of waste, which needs to be controlled in manufacturing industry, and they are overproduction, transportation, inventory, motion, defects, over processing and waiting. Waste is called ‘Muda’ in Japanese that means the non-value adding activities. Here is the brief description about the types of waste:
根据Ohno的说法，制造业需要控制的废物有七种，它们是生产过剩、运输、库存、运动、缺陷、过度加工和等待。废物在日语中被称为“Muda”，意思是非增值活动。以下是关于废物类型的简要说明：
Overproduction: Too much production resulting in stock of too many inventories 生产过剩：生产过多导致库存过多
Transportation: Excessive transportation results in wastage of time, effort and cost. Overproduction results in consumption of time and effort for moving goods 运输：过度运输会浪费时间、精力和成本。过度生产导致运输货物耗费时间和精力
Inventory: Excessive inventory results in more cost, storage space and even hampers the customer service 库存：过多的库存会导致更多的成本、存储空间，甚至妨碍客户服务
Motion: Unorganised workplace and unnecessary movement for the people working 动议：无组织的工作场所和工作人员不必要的流动
Defects: Decline in quality of product, poor delivery and problems in maintaining paperwork.缺陷：产品质量下降、交付不畅以及文件维护问题。
Over processing: Work procedure by using the wrong tools and systems 过度处理：使用错误的工具和系统的工作程序
Waiting: Inactive working people resulting in waste of time and longer lead times (time between the orders of the product until the finished good)
等待：不活跃的工作人员导致时间浪费和交付周期延长（从产品订单到成品之间的时间）
There are five principles of lean mentioned by Womack and Jones (1996) which are defining value as per the need of customer, knowing the value stream, improving the flow, proving what the customers want and perfection. Each of the principles are described below in brief:
Womack和Jones提出的精益有五条原则，即根据客户的需求定义价值，了解价值流，改进流程，证明客户的需求和完美。以下简要介绍了每一项原则：
Defining value as per the need of customer: The value needs to be defined from the view of the end customer 根据客户需求定义价值：需要从最终客户的角度定义价值
Knowing the value stream: Recognising the entire value stream of each product and eliminating waste 了解价值流：识别每种产品的整个价值流并消除浪费
Improving the flow: Working on each product continuously to find out what actually is creating the waste 改进流程：不断对每种产品进行处理，找出实际产生废物的原因
Providing what the customers want (Pull): Providing the products only when the customers want. Rather than producing and wasting, waiting what customer wants and orders and then working on it.提供客户想要的东西（拉动）：只有在客户想要的时候才提供产品。与其生产和浪费，不如等待客户的需求和订单，然后再进行处理。
Perfection: The continuous improvement results in finding of the reasons that are causing waste 完善：持续改进的结果是找出造成浪费的原因
The concept of lean has proven beneficial for the manufacturing companies and the best example is Toyota. This concept can make a big impact in the food industry as well and in particular Absolute foods (AF). The figure below gives an idea of where Absolute foods are in supply chain.
精益的概念已经被证明对制造公司有益，丰田就是最好的例子。这一概念也会对食品行业产生重大影响，尤其是绝对食品（AF）。下图给出了Absolute食品在供应链中的位置。
Figure: Supply chain of Absolute foods
The main concern about the food processing industry is perishability, product quality and most importantly traceability. It is perishable because there is short lifespan, concerns about freshness and storage time while people expects the high quality. Packaging, chemical treatment and cold storage can be few vital steps to maintain product quality. Nabhani and Shokri (2009) mentions that the problem in the food industry is customers cannot perceive the quality but in the manufacturing company the quality is quite clear. Traceability is very important these days for the food processing businesses to be aware of the incidents like horsemeat scandal. It helps to provide the clear information about the food supplies from the place it is produced until it reaches to the end customer. According to Regattieri et al (2007) traceability is method, which helps to provide safer food supplies, and helps connect the producers and consumers. Looking at the case of AF it has been very careful about these things that is good sign for the food processing company but it is not an easy task. AF is a processor that does
