留学生作业-纯粹的官僚组织特征。本文是一篇留学生作业写作范文，主要内容是讲述每个组织都有一套想要实现的目标。这些仅仅是管理层想要达到的绩效目标，或者可以更好地描述为组织成长的衡量标准。然而，每个人的目标可能与组织的目标不一致，因此，为了确保组织能够以最大的效率实现其目标，必须对组织实施某种形式的控制。”“官僚制”是一种权威，它最大限度地提高组织的效率和效力，并“在技术知识的基础上实施控制”。下面就一起看一下这篇留学作业的具体写作内容。
Every organization has a set of objectives it wants to achieve. These can merely be performance targets a management wants to attain, or can better be described as a measure of organizational growth. However, objectives of each individual might not be aligned with those of the organization, and therefore, to ensure that the organization is able to meet its objectives with maximum efficiency, it is imperative to exert some form of control over the organization. ‘Bureaucracy’ is an authority that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness of the organization and “exercises control on the basis of technical knowledge” (Weber, 1947:339).
Bureaucracy is a form of organizational design defined by a number of formal characteristics focused on centralization, authority, impersonality and a rational career structure; all arranged in a hierarchical ascending order with clear cut division of labour and specialized tasks in line with rights and entitlements linked to the position in hierarchy (Clegg et al., 2008:486; Clegg and Hardy, 1999:8). Max Weber (1864-1920), a great German academic and sociologist was the first to formulate the characteristics of a bureaucracy. Well known for his study of bureaucratization of society, he set the foundations for all subsequent work on this subject. Weber, in his work The Three Types of Legitimate Rules (1958) contrasted three types of authority: traditional authority, charismatic authority and rational-legal authority. However, he identified rational-legal authority to be the heart of bureaucracy and defined it as:
官僚制是一种组织设计形式，由集中、权威、客观和合理的职业结构等一系列正式特征定义；所有这些都是按等级升序排列的，分工明确，专业任务符合与等级职位相关的权利和权利。马克斯·韦伯，一位伟大的德国学者和社会学家，是第一个阐述官僚制度特征的人。他以对社会官僚化的研究而闻名，为随后所有关于这一主题的工作奠定了基础。韦伯在其著作《三种合法规则》中对比了三种权威：传统权威、魅力权威和理性法律权威。然而，他认为合理的法律权威是官僚机构的核心，并将其定义为：
“an authority resting on a belief in the ‘legality’ of patterns of normative rules and the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands” (Weber, 1947:215).
“一个基于对规范性规则模式的‘合法性’的信念的权威，以及根据这些规则被提升为权威的人发布命令的权利”。
As for this, the authority given to these officials is determined by the office they are appointed to and once these official leave the office, their authority is lost. For Weber, the terms ‘bureaucracy’ and ‘rationality’ were both tied together, and thus he coined the term ‘ideal type’ to the rational-legal form.
因此，赋予这些官员的权力取决于他们被任命的职位，一旦这些官员离开该职位，他们的权力就会丧失。对韦伯来说，“官僚主义”和“理性”这两个术语都是联系在一起的，因此他创造了“理想型”这一术语来表示理性的法律形式。
Primary Features of a Bureaucratic Organization 官僚机构的主要特征
Weber identified what he believed to be the main characteristics of a “pure” bureaucratic organization. His idea on bureaucracy was to describe an ideal organization – one which is perfectly rational and would provide maximum efficiency and consistency to the organization. We are now going to discuss the characteristics that form the essence of Weber’s rational bureaucracy that be found in his work Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology (1978:221-3).
韦伯确定了他认为“纯粹”官僚组织的主要特征。他关于官僚制的想法是描述一个理想的组织——一个完全理性的组织，能够为组织提供最大的效率和一致性。我们现在将讨论构成韦伯理性官僚主义本质的特征，这些特征可以在他的著作《经济与社会：解释社会学大纲》中找到。
Bureaucratic organizations can be characterized through the formal aspects of Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management school of thought which is considered to be the foundation of classical management theory and enhances the idea of improving efficiency and productivity within the workplace (Dean, 1997). First is centralization, which refers to the level of hierarchy with authority to make decisions. Each level is accountable to the level above and controls the level below (Weber, 1978). Hierarchy delineates the line of authority and shows a clear chain of command, allowing job definition to be most ‘rational’ and most efficient (Grey, 2009). Secondly, there is a highly developed di
