Essay写作格式：International Oil Industry - Balance of Power

Essay写作格式-国际石油工业-权力平衡。本文是一篇留学生essay写作范文，主要内容是解释为什么关注全球石油工业？石油仍然是具有重要生命力的重要源泉，是世界经济平稳运行的基础。2010年，石油占全球活力需求的34%，这一水平已经浮动了好几年。原油和精炼物品是全球交换中最大的东西，无论是以数量还是价值衡量。2010年，对普遍未精炼石油和石油项目交换的总估计为1.552万亿美元，与加拿大或印度的年GDP成比例。活力运动是一项旷日持久的事业，考虑到其后期模式、合理性以及既得利益的政治和金融利益，在不久的将来，世界不太可能远离石油和其他化石能源。最近，真正高昂的石油成本使石油公司和石油输出国的市场力量特别明显。Essay例举主要的国际石油公司（埃克森美孚、英国石油、雪佛龙、荷兰皇家壳牌、康菲石油和道达尔）是世界上最大、最有能力的公司的一部分。2010年，这些石油公司的联合福利总额超过800亿美元，其商业收入超过1.6万亿美元。然而，由于全球石油行业的规模如此之大，这些公司仅控制着全球6%的石油储量，其余大部分石油储量由政府控制，很大程度上是通过其国家石油公司控制的。下面就是这篇Essay写作格式范文的具体内容，供参考。

Why is the attention on the global oil industry? Oil remains a key wellspring of essential vitality, basic for proceeded with the smooth operation of the worldwide economy. In 2010, oil represented 34% of global vitality request, a level around which it has floated for quite a few years (BP, 2011). Raw petroleum and refined items are the biggest things in worldwide exchange, whether measured by volume or esteem. In 2010, the aggregate estimation of universal unrefined petroleum and petroleum item exchange added up to US$1.552 trillion, a sum proportional to Canada’s or India’s yearly GDP (BP, 2011). Vitality moves are drawn out undertakings, and given late pattern, reasonableness, and vested political and financial interests in its proceeded with significance, it is improbable that the world will move far from oil and other fossil energies at any point in the near future (Odell, 2004; Maugeri, 2006; Smil, 2010). Truly high oil costs have rendered the market force of the oil company and oil sending out countries especially obvious as of late. The major IOCs (ExxonMobil, BP, Chevron, Royal Dutch/Shell, ConocoPhillips, and Total) are a portion of the world’s biggest and most capable companies. In 2010, the joined benefits these oil companies added up to over US$80 billion and their business incomes to over US$1.6 trillion (Fortune, 2011). However such is the size of the worldwide oil industry that these companies control just 6% of worldwide oil holds with the majority of the rest of the oil saves controlled by governments, to a great extent through their National Oil Company (NOCs) (Vivoda, 2009).
The main powers and vulnerabilities of multinational corporations operating in the oil industry 石油行业跨国公司的主要权力和弱点
The worldwide oil industry is an industry in which, regularly, expansive financial rents can be earned, on the grounds that the market cost is well over the value required to keep the calculate of creation dynamic utilize and is over the value required to win benefits. Dealing and arrangement between host states and oil companies decide the division of these rents. Haggling between the oil compaies and host governments is certain entirety, as the targets of the two arrangements of performers are never only clashing. Despite the fact that the objectives of International Oil Company (IOCs) and governments are altogether different, there is dependably a scope of complementarity or cover and therefore there is an extension for every gathering to accomplish its objectives through collaboration (Eden, Lenway and Schuler, 2005).
世界范围内的石油行业是一个可以定期赚取巨额财务租金的行业，其理由是市场成本远远超过保持创造计算动态利用所需的价值，也超过赢得利益所需的值。东道国和石油公司之间的交易和安排决定了这些租金的分配。石油公司和东道国政府之间的争吵是肯定的，因为这两种表演者安排的目标从来都不仅仅是冲突。尽管国际石油公司和各国政府的目标完全不同，但可以肯定的是，存在互补或覆盖的范围，因此，每次聚会都有通过合作实现其目标的机会。
Amid a time of high oil costs, amid which time vast rents can be earned, the marvel of asset patriotism rises to the top, as it is a by-result of high costs (Wälde, 2008). This situation compares to Wilson’s model of the governmental issues of the world oil showcase – the petro-political cycle (PPC) (Wilson, 1986; Wilson, 1987). The PPC demonstrate sets that the probability and the heading of market politicization are an immediate capacity of the blast and-bust period of that market; along these lines, petro-legislative issues at the pinnacle of the market will contrast generously from governmental issues in a trough. In rising markets, merchants, for example, oil-trading governments, pick up influence;