returns by processes. ,
“什么是竞争力”这一问题的见解可以从Johnson、Hammer&Champy、Murths、Barney和Esty的作品中获得。从Johnson的观点来看，竞争力是一个实体比其竞争对手为客户提供更多价值并更好地满足客户的能力。Murths指出，竞争力是用来证明一个经济实体相对于其在全球市场中的竞争对手的经济实力，在全球市场上，商品、服务、人员、技能和思想不受地域限制，可以自由取代。根据Esty，竞争力从资产和流程方面得到了证明。资产被分类为继承的资产，如自然资源和创造的类似结构，通过过程转化为经济回报，
2.2 Theories of competitiveness 竞争力理论
The theoretical foundation of industrial competitiveness could be classified into two theories: comparative advantage theory and competitive advantage theory.
产业竞争力的理论基础可分为两种理论：比较优势理论和竞争优势理论。
Comparative Advantage Theory 比较优势理论
David Ricardo, the classical economist, put forward the comparative advantage theory as the foundation of international trade. Comparative advantage theory demonstrates that a country should focus on the industries which have relatively higher production efficiency to exchange the goods from the industries with lower production efficiency. (Chacholiades 1990). Heckscher-Ohlin modified and extended the theory, and explained that 'cross-country variations in relative factor endowments could also shape the pattern of trade' (Gankhuyag & Ser-Od 2009).
古典经济学家大卫·李嘉图提出了比较优势理论作为国际贸易的基础。比较优势理论表明，一个国家应该专注于生产效率相对较高的行业，以从生产效率较低的行业交换商品。。Heckscher Ohlin修改并扩展了这一理论，并解释说“相对要素禀赋的跨国差异也会影响贸易模式”。
Competitive Advantage Theory 竞争优势理论
In his book 'The Competitive Advantage of Nations', Michael Porter addressed a question: 'Why do some social groups, economic institutions, and nations advance and prosper?'(Porter 1990). On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of national environment, Porter addressed the theory of national competitive advantage. Michael Porter pointed out that traditional economic theories including comparative advantage theory cannot explain the sources of competitiveness. Further he stated that industrial competitiveness should be analyzed with the competitive advantage theory which indicates the different competitiveness presented with respect to the same industry in different countries or areas under the same competitive environment (Porter 1990). The main difference between comparative advantage theory and competitive advantage theory is that the former one emphasizes the comparative relationship between different industries within one country; however, the competitive advantage theory is about the same industry within different countries. Grant (1991) assessed the book 'The Competitive Advantage of Nations' and expressed that 'at all three levels---the firm, the industry and the nation, Porter offers new insights into the determinants of competitive advantage'.
在《国家的竞争优势》一书中，迈克尔·波特提出了一个问题：“为什么一些社会团体、经济机构和国家会进步和繁荣？”。波特在分析国家环境特征的基础上，提出了国家竞争优势理论。迈克尔·波特指出，包括比较优势理论在内的传统经济理论无法解释竞争力的来源。此外，他还指出，应利用竞争优势理论分析产业竞争力，该理论表明在相同竞争环境下，不同国家或地区的同一产业所呈现的不同竞争力。比较优势理论与竞争优势理论的主要区别在于前者强调一个国家内不同行业之间的比较关系；然而，竞争优势理论是关于不同国家内的同一行业的。格兰特评价了《国家的竞争优势》一书，并表示“在所有三个层面——企业、行业和国家，波特为竞争优势的决定因素提供了新的见解”。
2.3 Michael Porter's National Diamond 迈克尔·波特的国家钻石模型
Michael Porter pointed out that the ability to establish or maintain competitive advantage within international market is determined by four direct variables and two indirect variables which formed the framework of National Diamond. The four direct determinants are factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and firm strategy, structure and rivalry, and the two indirect variables are chance and government. The six variables combined determine that whether a country could have a strong diamond---the competitive advantage. (Porter, 1990)
迈克尔·波特指出，在国际市场内建立或保持竞争优势的能力由构成国家钻石框架的四个直接变量和两个间接变量决定，两个间接变量是机会和政府。这六个变量共同决定了一个国家能否拥有强大的钻石——竞争优势。
A brief description of the six variables is as below:六个变量的简要描述如下
Factor condition is analyzed from 'the characteristics of factors of production, the processes by which they are created, and their relationship to firms' competitiveness' (Grant 1991). The factors are categorized as 'basic factors' such as natural resources, climate, location and demographics and 'advanced factors' such as communications infrastructure, sophisticate
