老—中铁路项目问题诊断与对策之工商管理研究

sp;economy to function. It typically characterizes technical structures such as roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, (including Internet connectivity and broadband speeds) , and so forth, and can be defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems  providing  commodities  and  services  essential  to  enable,  sustain,  or  enhance societal living conditions."

The  word  infrastructure  has  been  used  in  English  since  1887  and  in  French since 1875, originally meaning ‘‘the installations that form the basis for any operation or  system’’. The  word  was  imported  from  French,  where  it  means sub grads,  the native material underneath a constructed pavement or railway. 

In this recent, Asia developing countries have been increasingly interested in infrastructure policies and are aware of the costs of neglect in infrastructure (Rogoff 2006);  and  regional  government  movements  to  promote  overall  demand  during the global  financial  crisis,  which  encouraged  developers  and  planners  to  consider  the ways to promote new infrastructure projects. For example, in China more than half of the  $  850  billion  stimulus  programs,  which  were announced  in  late  2008,  are expected to be devoted to infrastructure. In addition, governments in India, Thailand, Indonesia and other developing countries have announced plans to increase spending on infrastructure projects in 2008 and early and early 2009.

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2.2.  How Government gains strategic Management by doing infrastructure

In  the  past,  transportation  was  considered  as  a  major  factor  in  economic development, particularly the case for developing countries, where the transition from a  fragmented  transport  system  to  even  poorly  developed  networks  is of  paramount importance  (Hilling,  1996  cited  SACTRA,  1999;  Owen,  1987).  In  this  respect,  the lack  of  well-developed  transportation  systems  is  a  serious  constraint  to  growth. Transportation  is  essential  for  economic  growth in  the  early  stages  of  economic development  of  the  country’s  economic  development.  Therefore  investment  in transport infrastructure and other improvements in transport (especially in relation to improved  information  and  travel demand  management)  could  have  an  impact  on people's economic productivity and Industry sectors. However, in terms of economic development,  productivity  improvement  may  or  may  not  lead  to  economic  growth either  at  the regional  or  national  level.  In  developed  countries  with  alre