eir hands while saying goodbye to their friends when they see them off.
2.2.2 Substitution
Non-verbal behavior can be used to replace verbal words to convey certain meaning. For example, when people see a very special friend, they are apt to enlarge the size of the smile and throw open arms to greet him or her, which is a substitute for all the words to convey the same feeling.
2.2.3 Complementing
Closely related to repeating is complementing. For example, people can tell someone that they are pleased with his or her performance, but these messages take on extra meaning if they pat the person on the shoulder at the same time. In addition, complementing is referred to as a type of accenting because it accents the idea the speaker is trying to express. People can see how an apology becomes more forceful if his face, as well as his words, is saying, “I am sorry.” They can also accent their anger by speaking in a voice that is much louder than that they used in normal conversations.
2.2.4 Contradiction
On some occasions, non-verbal actions send signals opposite to the literal meanings contained in verbal messages. Some speakers often send their non-verbal cues beyond his or her conscious control; the unspoken language is regarded as speaking louder than the spoken words. For instance, one tells people he is relaxed and at ease, his voice quavers and his hands shake. Do people believe someone who says “nothing” when he or she is sweating and looks worried?
2.2.5 Regulation
People often regulate and manage communication by utilizing some forms of non-verbal behaviors: silence for a moment sends the message that speakers are ready to begin their speech; direct eye contact with someone makes him or her know the channels of communication are open; if he /she does not wish to yield the floor, he/she can deliberately look away, so that the would-be speaker cannot catch his/her eyes; nodding the head in agreement indicates that the speaker should continue talking. Therefore, non-verbal behaviors can help people to control the situation.
III. The Ranges of Non-Verbal Communication in Business Activities 商业活动的非言语交际的范围
There are many kinds of methods of non-verbal communication. This section is going to focus on some of them, which are most frequently applied in doing business. In viewing of the multicultural communication, and with reference of the most accepted points of view among the west scholars, here, it ranges non-verbal communications into three aspects: body language, paralanguage and silence, business manners.
3.1 Body Languages
Body language, the technical word Kinesics, is not confined to hand or arm gestures. It covers a much larger area, referring to any little movement of any part of the body. In the high stakes world of international business, body language is a silent but powerful language. Here, it is going to discuss the commonly used body languages, such as facial expressions, body postures, and body gestures, etc.
3.1.1 Facial Expressions and Eye Languages
The face is the primary source of emotions. People can express their happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear and sadness all through facial expression. Darwin pointed out that all human beings inborn with the common ways to express their emotions on the face. While many facial e