ace’ and fulfilling social obligations.” ( Geert Hofstede)
“长期定向代表培养面向未来回报的美德，特别是毅力和节俭。而与之相反的是，短期定向代表培养与过去和现在有关的美德，尤其是尊重传统、维护‘面子’和履行社会义务。”
Cultures with a high long term orientation such as China, Japan and South Korea would most likely have a strong work ethic and show great respect for status differences. People who live in these societies mostly value the social order and long range goals. However the cultures that show a low long term orientation often do not place a high priority on status and are concerned more about short term results and also seek quick satisfaction of their needs. Low long term orientation countries are, United States, UK and Canada. There are obviously more countries because the research is based on 23 countries.
具有高度长期导向的文化，如中国、日本和韩国，很可能具有强烈的职业道德，并对地位差异表现出极大的尊重。生活在这些社会中的人们大多重视社会秩序和长远目标。然而，长期取向较低的文化往往不重视地位，更关心短期结果，也寻求快速满足其需求。长期定位低的国家有：美国、英国和加拿大。显然有更多的国家，因为这项研究是基于23个国家。
Trompenaars 7ds model Trompenaars 7ds模型
Trompenaars is a European researcher he conducted a research with 15.000 manager from 28 countries, representing 47 national cultures. He described cultural differences using 7 dimensions. The 7 dimensions were: universalism versus particularism, individualism versus collectivism, specific versus diffuses, neutral versus affective, achievement versus ascription, past versus present and internal versus external control. The first five dimensions deal with how people relate to each other. The other two deal with how culture manages time, and how it deals with nature.
Trompenaars是一名欧洲研究人员，他与来自28个国家、代表47个民族文化的15000名经理进行了一项研究。他用7个维度描述了文化差异。这7个维度分别是：普遍主义与特殊主义、个人主义与集体主义、特定与扩散、中性与情感、成就与归属、过去与现在以及内部与外部控制。前五个维度涉及人们之间的关系。另外两个涉及文化如何管理时间，以及它如何与自然打交道。
National regional culture 民族地域文化
Corporate culture 企业文化
Professional culture 专业文化
Hofstede 霍夫斯泰德
Problems 问题
Solutions 解决
Conclusion 结论
While doing this essay I have found out a lot more about culture. I did not expect culture to have such a large impact on international business. Culture is not just the way people dress or the way they behave but have various types of stages that majority of the people don’t know. At first I only knew about Geert Hofstede’s 5 dimensions but I also found that there are a lot more theories that refer to culture. This essay thought me that if I am ever going to work abroad there is a lot I need to learn and to make sure that I know a lot more of the country than just the language. And also trying to understand the people and try to adapt to it.
在写这篇文章的同时，我发现了更多关于文化的知识。我没想到文化会对国际商业产生如此大的影响。文化不仅仅是人们的穿着或行为方式，还有大多数人不知道的各种阶段。起初，我只知道Geert Hofstede的5个维度，但我也发现有更多的理论涉及文化。这篇文章认为，如果我要去国外工作，我需要学习很多东西，并确保我对这个国家的了解不仅仅是语言。同时也要努力理解人们并努力适应它。
I now believe that culture is one of the main aspects that has to be understood before planning to establish a business abroad or doing an assignment abroad.
我现在认为，在计划出国创业或外派之前，文化是必须了解的主要方面之一。
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