论，该理论承诺如果政府不干预，经济将自我修正。但随着经济衰退深入到大萧条，而且没有出现任何修正，经济学家们意识到理论上的修正是必要的。约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯发展了凯恩斯理论，该理论呼吁政府干预以纠正经济不稳定。由于财政政策是利用政府支出和税收来稳定经济，凯恩斯建议议会增加政府支出，以便在经济衰退时期为经济“注入动力”。同时，他呼吁在经济衰退时期减税，以增加消费者的可支配收入，从而购买更多产品。通过这两种财政政策方法，这些行动带来的总需求增加导致企业增加生产、雇佣工人和增加家庭收入，从而使他们能够购买更多。虽然这两种工具都有效，但凯恩斯主张政府支出的变化是更有效的财政政策工具，因为政府支出的任何变化都会直接影响总需求。然而，如果税收减少，消费者很可能不会将增加的全部可支配收入用于消费；根据图表，政府支出G的增加或自主税收的下降将导致总需求AD向右移动，从而增加实际GDP的均衡水平Q*和均衡价格水平P*。
When economy is running into recession, central bank is one of the agencies responsible to influence the demand, supply and hence, price of money and credit in order to keep production, prices, and employment stable. To do this, the central bank uses three tools: open market operations, the discount rate and reserve requirements. In order to bring the economy out of recession, central bank will lower the reserve requirements. Due to the act, member banks are required to keep less money, and so more money can be put into circulation through expanding their loans to firms and people. Furthermore, with the use of its open market operations for buying government securities, the central bank pays for these securities by crediting the reserve accounts of its member banks involved with the sale. With more money in these reserve accounts, banks have more money to lend, interest rates may fall, and consumer and business spending may increase, encouraging economic expansion. The discount rate is serves as an indicator to private bankers of the intentions of the central bank to enlarge the money supply. So a lowered discount rate which is announced by the central bank encourages more banks to borrow from the reserve banks. According to the graph below, a central bank open market purchase of securities, a fall in the discount rate or a decrease in the required reserve ratio will raise the money supply, thereby increasing aggregate demand and the equilibrium level of real GDP, Q*, and the equilibrium price level, P*.
当经济陷入衰退时，中央银行是负责影响需求、供应以及货币和信贷价格的机构之一，以保持生产、价格和就业稳定。为此，央行使用三种工具：公开市场操作、贴现率和准备金率。为了使经济走出衰退，央行将降低准备金率。由于该法案，成员银行被要求保留更少的资金，因此通过扩大对公司和个人的贷款，可以将更多的资金投入流通。此外，Essay范文提出通过使用公开市场操作购买政府证券，中央银行通过记入参与出售的成员银行的储备账户来支付这些证券。随着这些储备账户中的资金增加，银行有更多的钱可以放贷，利率可能会下降，消费者和企业支出可能会增加，从而鼓励经济扩张。贴现率是向私人银行家表明央行扩大货币供应的意图的一个指标。因此，央行宣布降低贴现率，鼓励更多银行从储备银行借款。中央银行公开市场购买证券、贴现率下降或法定准备金率下降将增加货币供应量，从而增加总需求和实际GDP的均衡水平Q*，以及均衡价格水平P*。本站提供各国各专业Essay写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。
