总结“创业辩论：创业机会的形成及其启示
Summarize “Debates in Entrepreneurship: Opportunity Formation and Implications for the Field of Entrepreneurship
Question: Please summarize the book chapter “Debates in Entrepreneurship: Opportunity Formation and Implications for the Field of Entrepreneurship” (File name: chapter 2). Your write-up should have an impression that you understand “each and every” point of the chapter.
问题：请总结本书的章节“创业辩论：机遇的形成和对创业领域的启示”
This chapter describes the assumptions of realist, a constructionist perspective and an evolutionary realist perspective of entrepreneurial opportunity formation. The evolutionary realist perspective offers a combination of both the realist and constructionist perspectives.
本章阐述了现实主义的假设，建构论视角和创业机会的形成演化的现实主义视角。进化主义的角度提供了两者相结合的现实主义和建构主义的视角。
在呈现三分之一视图的主要目的是认为，现实主义和建构主义的观点是不完整的进化主义的视角。此外，本章还介绍了现实主义、建构主义和进化主义观点和他们是如何体现在创业文献。由于创业领域仍处于演化过程中，并试图建立其学术和管理学科的信誉，本文不仅强调了进一步工作的紧迫性，但也为今后的研究方向提供了一个方向。企业家讨论的科学范式框架的选择是为了提高合法性和信誉领域。
The principal objective behind presenting a third view is to argue that realist and constructionist views are incomplete without the evolutionary realist perspective. In addition the chapter also describes realist, constructionist and evolutionary realist perspectives and how they are evident in entrepreneurship literature. As the field of entrepreneurship is still in its evolutionary process and trying to establish its credibility as an academic and management discipline, this paper not only highlights the urgency of further work but also offers a direction for future research. The selection of science paradigm framework by the authors for discussion on entrepreneurship is meant to enhance the legitimacy and credibility of the field.
Realist approach: 现实主义的方法：
It belongs to positivism (based on facts and figures; knowledge is testable and can be verified) according to this approach opportunities exist in the environment. They are present for everyone but only alert individuals can spot them. We can also say that reality is independent of individual. The realist approach has been developed by Austrian economist; according to them market knowledge is asymmetrical therefore whoever possesses knowledge can easily spot the opportunity and exploit it.
According to Hayek (Austrian economist) due to information asymmetry arbitrage exists. We can also call realist approach as the discovery approach because according to Krizner opportunities are discovered by alert individuals. So one can say that opportunities exist for everyone, it is completely on the individuals how they discover them and exploit them by using their existing knowledge or by building knowledge.
This approach sets apart an entrepreneur from a non entrepreneur by the following two ways: entrepreneur is an alert individual and due to information asymmetry he/ she can discover and exploit opportunities.
Constructionist approach: 建构主义的方法：
This approach sees entrepreneurship from a completely different angle. According to this approach individuals think what opportunity to create and by using available resources he completes the task. He builds future based on existing resources. Creating realities and then molding actions to these realities is the crux of this approach.
In this approach an entrepreneur has to construct deconstruct and reconstruct an existing reality to form a new opportunity.
According to this approach; opportunity exists to a certain extent but it depends on the individual how he/she interprets it using the resources he/she owns in order to construct it. One can say that opportunity exists in parts and an individual creates linkages among those parts to come up with a new opportunity which others failed to perceive.
Evolutionary realist approach: 进化主义论：
The Evolutionary realist approach is also called the creation approach. This approach is a blend of the above two approaches as it takes the strengths of the two approaches, i.e. Alert individual (realist approach) uses his resources (constructionist) to create an opportunity. The r
