全球化和类型——Globalization and types︰
根据约瑟夫 · 斯蒂格利茨，全球化"是国家和世界各国人民的一体化....由运输和通讯以及和打破人为壁垒的货物、 服务、 资本、 知识和跨越国界的人的的成本巨大减少造成的。"此外，全球化已通过以下方式被解释。"经济全球化意味着更大的全球连通性经济活动，通过跨国贸易、 资本流动和迁移。环境全球化可包括人类活动对环境的日益增长的全球影响。文化全球化可能突出语言、 生活方式和通过的北美和欧洲语言和文化传播的全球同质化的恐惧之间的连接。政治全球化可能包括全球的政治标准，如人权、 民主、 劳动标准、 环保标准，以及更协调的行动更广泛地接受由各国政府和其他机构在全球各地。因此，可以理解为，全球化已经作为经济全球化、 环境全球化、 文化全球化和政治全球化分为四个类别.[1]
Most of the businesses tend to transfer their business to other countries and follow one of the many approaches (reactive, defensive, proactive, etc.) so as to sustain in the competition. Hence they make their business global. Some of the reasons for this globalization have been identified to be
Trade barriers
Meeting client demands
Globalization of competitors
Regulations and restrictions
Companies mostly run their business local to their customers so that they are free from the many difficulties of facing expensive exports, shipping costs, labor cost, reliability issues, tax and others. Also, the clients (from abroad) highly demand their suppliers to stay local so that the production flow is strengthened. Hence the suppliers, who do not want to miss out on their good business deals, agree to their clients in making their business local to their clients. Next, the companies know that if their business flourish for long in the foreign countries without any challenge then their contribution to the business in the world market would be too tough to beat them and hence they act quickly. Also, the companies would be interested in investing the profits gained from their business to be used for further growth and enhancement of their business. But not all the business' home-government let their business to carry on easily without imposing the severe rules and regulations which eventually results in slowing down the growth of the business, invading the profits of the business and making their costs highly unmanageable (by levying high tax). Hence the companies tend to move abroad and flourish there where they would be liable to fewer restrictions and barriers than in their home country. [2] Hence globalization has been achieved greatly due to the above mentioned reasons and other real good factors such as enhanced technology, quick and easy communication, convenient ways of sharing information, easy shipment and travel, attractive incentives by foreign governments, etc. [3]
全球化的影响——Impact of globalization:
So far the reasons for globalization were discussed and now the effects of globalization are being explored. Globalization has resulted in both positive and negative effects, some of which are listed below.
Pros of globalization:
Globalization has increased the competition level and has put the domestic companies into the tough competition to produce high quality products and excellent customer service so as to fight against the international markets and stay in the competition. Hence people are benefitted by the good quality of products.
Globalization has left a positive impact of foreign trade on an economy. Earlier people had to perform uncivilized activities to get what they wanted, whereas now the scenario has been changed and dealt with in a humane way.
Definitely globalization has hugely resulted in the spread of the culture. Today most people are happy to receive people from all around the globe and enjoy the diverse culture, be it cooking, language, costumes, etc.
Globalization has resulted in the sharing of technology and information across the globe amongst all people. The technology that was invented at one place doesn't stay just there and people around the world get to benefit from it as a result of globalization.
Also globalization has resulted in the spread of knowledge and education. Today people move abroad to specialize in a particular field which is because of globalization.
Many nations help each other in sorting out the problems caused to environment and nature (such as climate control, prese
