在过去的几十年里，发展中国家已经看到了一些重大的变化，他们的定义特性。其中，一个显着的是，放松的资本约束。借助一个不断上升的储蓄率和增加的外国资金供应，确保资本资源已呈现出上升趋势。在这一点上，在大多数发展中国家，剩余劳动力的存在的假设没有得到维持。他们中的许多人现在面临着熟练的劳动力短缺，这已经成为一个重大的发展问题。另一个非常重要的发展，多年来在发展中国家，特别是在亚洲快速增长的经济体，如银川地图和印度，是日益稀缺的土地，特别是非农业使用所需的土地。多年来，印度的土地纠纷数量一直在上升，尽管这个国家有一个广阔的地理区域。最主要的原因是，非农业用途所需的土地，必须满足一定的条件。例如，在住房和房地产所需的土地的情况下，通常是可取的，它在邻近已经存在的城市和城镇的地区。这是因为，现有的城市中心发生的比较遥远的地区相比，有更发达的基础设施，以及城市周围的劳动力更熟悉和城市化的过程中。非农业用地需求的第二个例子可以是，如公路、铁路、电力工程、水坝等基础设施的发展，最后，要求可能是土地的开采，这一定是位于地区，以及具有相同的，有没有自由决定的位置的项目。
However over the last few decades, developing countries have seen some major changes in their defining characteristics. Amongst these, a significant one has been that of relaxation of the capital constraint. Aided by a rising savings rate and increased supply of foreign funds has ensured that the capital resources have been showing an upward trend. Alongside this, the assumption of the existence of excess labor has not been holding ground in most of the developing countries. Many of them are now faced with a shortage of skilled labor and this has come up as a major development problem. Another very important development that has taken place over the years in developing countries, especially in the rapidly growing economies in Asia such as China and India, is that of growing scarcity of land, especially the land required for non agricultural usage. The number of land related disputes has been rising in India over the years despite the fact that the country has a vast geographical area. The prime reason for this is that the land required for non agricultural purposes has to meet certain desired conditions. For instance, in the case of land required for housing and real estate purposes, it is usually desirable to have it in regions contiguous to the already existing cities and towns. This is so because the existing urban centers happen to have more developed infrastructure as compared to far off areas, and the labor available around the cities is more familiar and exposed to the process of urbanization. The second instance of requirement of land for non agricultural purposes can be that for the development of infrastructure like roads, railways, electricity projects, dams etc. Finally, the requirement may be that of land for the purpose of mining and this has necessarily to be located in regions which are well endowed with the same, with there being little freedom to decide upon the location of projects.
What the above discussion implies is that although India seems to be having land in abundance, the land which is 'appropriate' to be used for non agricultural purposes is limited, and thus, we have now reached a situation where land has got segmented into agricultural land, non agricultural land (towns, offices etc) and the land that is currently in possession of the agricultural sector but which the expanding non agricultural activities are seeking to take control over. Most of the third category land belongs to farmers and tribal populations. It happens to be the only source of livelihood and economic security for them. Given the lack of generation of adequate employment opportunities, the farmers are unwilling to part with these lands and this has created a situation of conflict which we have been witnessing recently.
Such a requirement of land for non agricultural uses existed during the earlier years too, particularly in the post independence period when we started setting up the heavy industries. But during those years, the pressure on agricultural lands was low and there were not too many protests. Also, until the nineties, land acquisition did not face too many protests because that period saw the state adopting expansionary fiscal policies, and adequate rural infrastructure development spending implied that growth was much more broad based. Although then also we had the problems of tribal displacement and lack of complete rehabilitation, on the whole, those displaced were more or less able to find jobs as paid labor in the manufacturing sector. Land w
