小，所有非洲人中仍有不到一半的人生活在每天1.25美元的贫困线以下。”由于援助分散、政治和“尽管投资不断增长，但缺乏变革和改善”，援助分配也存在问题。这显然导致了彼得·鲍尔批评的现实，“……外援是富国穷人帮助穷国富人的过程”。因此，发展的需要仍然存在，但这不仅仅是通过增加国家的经济增长，而是通过在需要帮助的领域开展实际工作。
Who Should Do Development 谁应该发展
Often development objectives are hindered by the various conflicts, the mix of fragility and migration and are considered to be a major disrupter to the traditional development paradigm (Ingram & Lord, 2014). A survey by Ingram and Lord shows that a state of fear and insecurity arises as premature departure of donors happen even before reforms make significant progress to the next stage of development due to tremendous increase of funding resources from the private sector. Whereas others are concerned that rise of NGOs and private development organizations may push the reality of development work behind and lean their focus towards humanitarian work as it has the huge potential source of funding (Ingram & Lord, 2014). If the government is given the responsibility to do development, there are problems of corruption and will not do justice for the job as Sir Josiah Stamp criticized in a funnier note saying, “The government is very keen on amazing statistics. They collect them, add them, raise them to the n-th power, take the cube root and prepare wonderful diagrams. But you must never forget that every one of these figures comes in the first instance from the village watchman, who just puts down what he damn well pleases.”(Ramalingam, 2013). The importance of a well-functioning government being established in truth and transparency was stated by an ex-government official “Corruption can erase years of development progress, reduce trust in government, and undercut accountability.”(Ingram & Lord, 2014). This is the case in NGO’s and other organizations too. The inefficiency and inability of many aid agencies were criticized as “Aid agencies are increasingly dealing with a world for which their learning, strategic, performance, and organizational frameworks were not designed.”(Ramalingam, 2013). Although there are pitfalls at various levels and among different organizations, a solid move towards development can be made only if both the government and private sectors work together with a common goal and with a well-structured plan. The funding for development could also be through an International organization that has grass-root level workers with transparent performance and accountability for development to be effective.
发展目标往往受到各种冲突、脆弱性和移民的阻碍，被认为是传统发展范式的主要破坏者。英格拉姆和洛德的一项调查显示，由于私营部门的资金大幅增加，即使在改革取得重大进展进入下一个发展阶段之前，捐助者过早离开，就会产生恐惧和不安全感。而其他人则担心，非政府组织和私人发展组织的崛起可能会推动发展工作的现实，并将其重点转向人道主义工作，因为它有巨大的潜在资金来源。如果政府被赋予发展的责任，就会出现腐败问题，也不会像Josiah Stamp爵士在一篇更有趣的文章中所批评的那样，“政府非常热衷于惊人的统计数据。他们收集这些数据，将其相加，将其提高到n次方，进行立方根运算，并绘制出美妙的图表。但你千万不要忘记，这些数据中的每一个都是首先来自于村里的看守员，他只是把自己非常喜欢的东西放下来。”一位前政府官员表示，在真实和透明中建立一个运转良好的政府的重要性，“腐败会抹杀多年的发展进步，降低对政府的信任，削弱问责制。”非政府组织和其他组织也是如此。许多援助机构的效率低下和无能被批评为“援助机构越来越多地面对一个其学习、战略、绩效和组织框架都没有为之设计的世界”尽管在不同层次和不同组织之间存在缺陷，但只有政府和私营部门共同努力实现共同目标并制定一个结构良好的计划，才能向发展迈出坚实的步伐。发展资金也可以通过一个国际组织来提供，该组织拥有基层工作人员，他们的工作表现透明，对发展负责，才能发挥作用。
Development Framework 开发框架
Development strategy must be developed by local experts as “Expatriate experts lack the depth of understanding of the local culture and how it works. Better solutions will be offered by local actors.”(Ingram & Lord, 2014). Among the various development frameworks such as Millenial Development Goals (MDG), Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Sustainable Development Goals(SDG), etc., let’s consider the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by the United Nations (UN) for this paper. Ashish Kothari debates that “everyday life is more often about survival now, not progress and so, Sustainable Development Goals SDGs must be called SSGs Sustainable Survival Goals.” (Ashish Kothari, Ariel Salleh, Arturo Escobar, Federico Demaria, 2019). The 2019 Sustainable Development Goals report states that it cannot achieve its target of ending poverty by 2030. This is the beginning of the downfall of anoth
