鉴于外国直接投资对市场规模和劳动密集型行业在土耳其的响应，寻求解释外国直接投资在土耳其的决定因素的框架，应考虑水平和垂直投资动机。
本研究以知识资本模型类似于Markusen和Maskus和卡尔等人从马的研究得出和Markusen。知识资本模型将水平和纵向投资动机结合在一个框架内。本研究遵循了类似的策略，增强知识资本模型的控制变量。在这项研究中的控制变量的选择是出于在第2章讨论的实证文献。
知识资本模型的设想世界由两个国家、两个同质商品。有熟练的劳动密集型商品X和非熟练劳动密集型商品。知识资本模型进一步假设两个同质因素，非熟练和熟练的劳动力，这两个因素是国际上不动产。该模型允许外国直接投资作为一种替代出口服务的需求在国外市场。出口或外国直接投资的选择取决于国家的特点，贸易和投资成本。
Given that the responsiveness of FDI to market size and labour intensive sectors in Turkey, a framework seeking to explain determinants of FDI in Turkey should account for horizontal as well as vertical investment motives.
This study uses a knowledge-capital model similar to Markusen and Maskus (1999) and Carr et al (2001) as drawn from the studies of Markusen (1996) and Markusen (1997). The knowledge-capital model combines horizontal and vertical investment motives in a single framework. This study follows a similar strategy as those of Egger and Winner (2006) and Gast and Hermann (2008) that augmented the knowledge-capital model with control variables. The choice of control variables in this study is motivated by the empirical literature discussed in Chapter 2.
The knowledge-capital model envisages the world consisting of two countries, two homogeneous goods. There are skilled-labour-intensive goods X and unskilled-labour-intensive goods Y. The knowledge capital model further assumes two homogenous factors, unskilled and skilled labour and the both factors are internationally immobile. The model allows FDI as an alternative for exports to serve demand in foreign markets. The choice between exports or FDI depends on country characteristics, trade and investment costs.
The key assumption is that skilled-labour intensive and knowledge-generating activities such as research and development (good X) can be separated from unskilled-labour intensive production (good Y) at plant level. [1] This fragmentation of activities enables firms to locate knowledge-generating activities and production in skilled and unskilled labour abundant countries respectively (vertical investment) to exploit difference in labour costs between countries.
Within the model, it is assumed that the knowledge (in the form of a production method or a blueprint and modelled as firm-specific costs) within firm has a joint-input character, and the knowledge can be utilised at multiple production facilities without diminishing in value in existing locations. Hence, the cost of creating this knowledge per plant decreases with an additional plant, which gives rise to firm-level scale economies. What follows are firms facing high trade cost due to distance, build a second plant in a foreign country with a large market to exploit the plant-level scale economies by using the knowledge created within firm. Hence, firms replace exports from home to host country by production in host country.
Smaller foreign market is served by exports rather than foreign production due to the high fixed cost of a second plant (modelled as plant-specific fixed costs). The choice between foreign production and exports depends on the size of the foreign market, trade cost of exports to the foreign market and building a plant in the foreign country. If firm-specific and transport costs are small or high relative to plant specific costs, then firms are likely to export to or open a plant in foreign country. Hence, dissimilarity between two countries with respect to size and endowment differences dictates location of production (good Y) and knowledge-generating activities (good X) in accordance with either skilled or unskilled labour. Location of plant production is placed in the bigger country (to exploit plant level scale economies) and endowed with unskilled labour while knowledge-generating activities take place in the other country. With respect to relative endowment differences, Brainard (1993) and Egger and Winner (2006) use per capita income difference assuming that knowledge-generating activities are also capital-intensive.
Based on the predictions of th
