1.0 Introduction介绍
20世纪60年代以来，随着新的国际分工的逐步形成、跨国公司的成长和信息通信技术的革命性进步，并且全球化进程大大加快在。经济全球化对城市发展具有重要影响，因此城市在全球经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用。而且出现了一些具有超国家影响力的国际大都市，及他们在全球经济中起着指挥与控制的作用，如：纽约，伦敦，东京等。萨森（Sassen，1991）等学者研究了这些城市并提出了与全球城市相关的理论。在对全球城市的研究中，罗宾逊作为代表指出，全球城市理论忽视了地方问题，它强调城市的共性，远远超过对城市品质的研究，忽视了对原始历史背景，地理位置差异的研究。他提出了与城市之间的文化系统和普通城市的理论，这与“全球城市”理论是不同。这两种理论对城市政治，发展，城市关系有不同的解释。本文将根据这两种不同的理论来分析墨尔本城市政治，管理，规划的特点。
Since the 1960s, with the gradual formation of a new international division of labor, growth of multinational corporations and revolutionary advances in the information and communication technologies, the process of globalization accelerates greatly. Economic globalization has a significant impact on urban development, so that cities play an increasingly important role in the global economy. A number of cosmopolitan cities with supranational influential and the roles of command and control in the global economy emerge, such as: New York, London, Tokyo and so on. Scholars such as Sassen (1991) studied on these cities and proposed theory relating to global cities. In the study of global cities, Robinson as the representative pointed out that the theory of global cities neglects locality issues, it emphasizes communality of cities, which far exceeds the research on urban qualities and ignores research on differences in the originally historical backgrounds, geographical locations and cultural systems among the cities, he went to propose and the theory of ordinary city, which is different from the “global city” theory. The two kinds of theories have different interpretation on urban politics, development, relationship between cities. This essay will be based on these two kinds of different theories to analyze the characteristics of urban politics, management, planning of Melbourne.
2.0 Theoretical framework理论框架
2.1 The “global city” theory
Sassen’s (1996) “global city” theory believes that the key driver of global cities’ development in the world economy lies in their concentrated excellent infrastructure and services, so that they have the ability to control the world. Sassen also conducted a lot of empirical analysis on New York, London, Tokyo, noting that three major cities are truly global cities. They are in the top of the pyramid of the world's urban system, constituting a clear new urban form - global cities. These three cities control the operation of the world's global economic system.Sassen (1991) considered that a global city is the site which is able to provide multinational corporations with a good service and communication facilities for the global economy operations and management, multinational headquarters gather there. A global city has the following four basic characteristics. Firstly, it is the highly centralized control center of the world economy. Secondly, it should be the main site of financial and special services industries. Thirdly, it should be production site leading industries. Fourthly, it should be a market for products and innovation.
Sassen (1996; 1991) carried out a systematic study on producer services complex of global city, considering that finance and production service sectors have become the new important factors that determine whether a city has strong competitive strength in the global economy. Taylor, Catalano and Gane (2002) also noted that development of service function of a global city will further grow up because of the rapid growth of global trade and investment as well as strong demand for financial and service industries.
Sassen (1999) analyzed that globalization of economic activity has greatly increased the complexity of business transactions, along with the concentration of the most advanced communications technologies in these cities, enterprise command and control functions also agglomerate in these cities. Motive power of formation of a global city comes from the combination of two powerful economic forces, first is that manufacturing-based economic activities continued to spread in the worl
