XX省特困地区留守儿童人格发展特征与心理健康状况研究
摘 要
目的：探讨特困地区留守儿童的人格发展特征与心理健康状况；对特困地区留守儿童的人格特征的特点以及对心理健康的影响进行调查研究，以期能为特困地区留守儿童的心理健康教育工作的发展提供理论依据和支持。
方法：采用无记名整群分层抽样现况调查的方法，选取在XX省20个国家级贫困县中随机抽取一个县，从这个县中随机抽取1镇（乡），以这个镇（乡）中6~14岁的儿童作为研究对象，共发放问卷657份(有效问卷613份)进行匿名调查。调查工具包括：
①自制的一般资料调查问卷；②儿童健康-心理健康诊断测验(MHS-CA)；③艾森克人格问卷儿童版(EPQ-C);应用SPSS18.0软件进行统计性描述、t检验、单因素方差分析、相关分析及逐步多元回归分析。
结果：
1.留守儿童心理问题检出率为9.6%，应对方式以成熟型为主；有一部分留守儿童人格发展不稳定，低自我效能感占73.6%；
2.留守儿童的MHS-CA总分高于非留守儿童，差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)；过敏倾向、冲动倾向因子分高于非留守儿童，差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。自我效能感得分低于非留守儿童，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；
3.在不同性别差异上，留守儿童女生的心理健康测验总分、神经质得分高于男生，差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)，在精神质得分上男生高于女生，差异有统计学意(P<0.01)。在不同生源地差异上，城镇留守儿童的精神质得分高于农村留守儿童，差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。在是否独生子女差异上，在应对方式中的合理化因子得分上独生子女高于非独生子女，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);精神质得分上独生子女高于非独生子女，差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不同年龄的差异上，在应对方式中的幻想、解决问题因子、神经质得分上差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)，经过事后比较，在幻想因子得分上，12-13的年龄组群体高于13-14的年龄组群体;在解决问题因子得分上，11-12的年龄组群体高于12-13,13-14的年龄组群体;在神经质维度得分上，13-14的年龄组群体高于11-12的年龄组群体。
4.留守儿童的MHS-CA总分与解决问题、内外倾呈负相关;与自责、幻想、退避、精神质、神经质呈正相关；解决问题与神经质、精神质维度呈负相关;求助、解决问题与内外倾呈正相关。
5.对心理健康的影响进行多元逐步回归分析显示：依次进入回归方程的显著变量是神经质、自责和精神质，联合预测留守儿童心理健康的38.6%的变异量，标准化回归方程为：MHS-CA=0.435*神经质-0.185XGSES+0.172*自责+0.081*精神质。
结论：
1.应对方式、人格特征及自我效能感相互关系密切，并且均是影响留守儿童心理健康的重要因素。高自我效能感、积极的应对方式、性格外向的人格特征是保持心理健康的内在积极因素。
2.留守儿童心理健康的预防和干预工作重点偏向于具有不成熟应对方式、神经质高分、精神质高分、自我效能感低的留守儿童。
关键词：留守儿童；人格特征；心理健康
Abstract
Objective: To explore the characteristics of personality development and mental health of left-behind children in poverty-stricken areas. The characteristics of personality characteristics and the impact on mental health of left-behind children in poverty-stricken areas were investigated in order to develop the mental health education Provide theoretical basis and support.
Methods: A county was randomly selected from 20 poverty-stricken counties in Hunan Province, and a county (township) was randomly selected from the county. The town (township) was randomly selected from the town (township) Children aged 6 to 14 years of age were asked to issue 613 questionnaires (586 valid questionnaires) for anonymous survey. Survey tools include:
(EPQ-C); the use of SPSS18.0 software for statistical description, t test, a single test of the children's health and mental health diagnosis test (MHS-CA); ③ Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Children's Edition (EPQ-C) Factor analysis of variance, correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis.
result:
1. The detection rate of psychological problems of left-behind children was 9.6%, coping style was mature type; some of the left-behind children's personality development was unstable, low self-efficacy accounted for 73.6%;
(P <0.01). The scores of MHS-CA in left-behind children were higher than those in non-left-behind children (P <0.01); the allergy tendency and impulsive tendency factor were higher than those of non-left-behind children, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The score of self - efficacy was lower than that of non - left - behind children, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).
(P <0.05). There were significant differences in mental health scores between the two groups (P <0.05). The difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The scores of psychosocial scores were higher than those of boys (P <0.01). The mental health score of the left - behind children in the urban areas was higher than that in the rural children, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.01). (P <0.05). The psychosocial score was higher than that of non-only child, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The difference between the one-child and the non-only child was higher than that of the non-only child in the coping style. (P <0.01). (P <0.01). After the ex post facto, the age group of 12-13 was higher than that of the fantasy factor in the coping style, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.01). 13-14 age gro
