译文一
亚太经合组织市场发展报告——纺织品和服装：2005年后会发生什么？
1．纺织品和服装：2005年后会发生什么？
几十年来，纺织品及服装的国际贸易一直受到很大的限制,例如关税，配额限制以及非关税壁垒。一系列《多种纤维协定》,例如1974年至1994年的纺织品及服装贸易的关税和贸易总协定(简称关贸总协定)。随后, 从1995年至2004年12月31日，纺织品与服装协定(ATC)被关贸总协定的继任者世界贸易组织(WTO)生效并执行。
2004年12月31日,纺织品及服装协定（ATC）国际纺织品和服装贸易的配额到期。这些导致此行业的贸易将经历根本性的改变。到2005年纳入世贸组织关税和贸易总协定(关贸总协定)配额将全部消失。
2．纺织品及成衣协定
像《多种纤维协定》被其取代，纺织品及成衣协定原是一个过渡制度。 纺织品及服装全部整合纳入多边贸易体制发生在十年的时间里。 这是提供必要的准备时间,为调整结构和经济等各方面。 一体化进程需要,首先，所有纺织品及成衣制品受配额限制(包括《多种纤维协定》规定下的)逐步纳入、四个步骤, 进入无配额的自由贸易。 尤其是纺织品及成衣贸易一体化总额，在1995年初的16%, 在1998年初的33%,在2002年初51%,并于2005年初100%。 其次是纺织品及成衣进口配额将逐步增加。 因此, 授权进口配额增长可望提供所有依据纺织品及成衣协定配额不具约束力的物品的,结束了为期10年的过渡期。 通常在指定的6位数字统一制度(HS)水平,申请大量产品的配额，在美国各类案件800多起。 他们还商定一项关于国与国之间的协定。 因此,配额分配是不透明的,通常被形容为一种官方形式 (Bhagwati and Panarariya, 2004, p.A9; and Wehrfritz and Seno, 2005, p.37)。《多种纤维协定》与纺织品及成衣协定配额限制进口主要来自发展中国家的特别加拿大 欧盟(包括奥地利、芬兰),挪威、美国。 日本已经不是纺织品及成衣协定配额限制或利用任何过渡时期的保障措施, 因而促成了为中国在这纺织品及成衣个大市场确立主导权(多节)。 至于在第四阶段发达国家执行纺织品及成衣贸易一体化的时候配额限制将取消。 尤其是那些较为敏感或产品具有较高的附加值都留给这个阶段。 所有这些意味着在2005年初纺织品及成衣贸易大量背装、突如其来的冲击(或者强烈震动)。(WTO 2001 and Nordas, 2004)
此外, 纺织品及成衣协定保障措施被许多发达国家频繁使用对发展中国家减轻冲击。 这是缺乏将开放纺织品及成衣贸易的毅力。除了少数例外,纺织品及成衣业最发达和发展中国家尚未作好准备逐步取消配额、脱位及随之增加竞争。 同时, 在经合组织国家纺织品中进口关税最惠国平均为9.4%,和服装为16.1%。 这些率大大高于6.2%的平均关税在所有制成品(贸发会议,2002年)。此外,目前进口纺织品及成衣项目惩罚性关税的范围从30%至40%。纺织品及成衣进口关税较高的发展中国家也一样, 对纺织平均为18.1%和对服装为23%；在20世纪初期所有制成品的税率是13.5%。还有发展中国家纺织品及成衣出口国价差关税，其中包括东盟和南亚。
原稿一
Textiles and Clothing: What Happens After 2005?
1．Textiles and Clothing: What Happens After 2005?
For several decades, international trade in textiles and clothing (T&C) has been subject to significant constraints such as quota restrictions and other tariff and non-tariffs barriers. A series of Multi Fiber Arrangement (MFA), for example, governed T&C trade under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) between 1974 and 1994. Subsequently, www.51lunwen.org/bylwfy/ the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) came in force and was administered by the successor of GATT, the World Trade Organization (WTO), between 1995 and its expiration on 31 December 2004.
On 31 December 2004, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) will end, and with it the quota system for international trade in textiles and clothing. As a result, trade in these sectors will undergo a fundamental change. By 2005 the sector will have been fully integrated into the WTO General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and all quotas will have disappeared.
2. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
Like the MFA it replaced, the ATC was supposed to be a transition regime. The full integration of T&C into the multilateral trading system is to take place over a ten-year period. This is to provide the necessary lead-time for structural and other economic adjustments among all concerned. The integration process requires, firstly, that all T&C products subject to quota restrictions (including those under MFA) be progressively incorporated, in four steps, into quota-free trade. In particular, the total volume of T&C integration was to be 16 per cent at the beginning of 1995, 33% at the beginning of 1998, 51% at the beginning of 2002, and 100% at the beginning of 2005. Secondly, T&C import quotas are to be progressively increased. Thus, the mandated growth in quota imports is expected to render all ATC quotas non-binding on a defacto basis for most of the restricted items by the end of the 10-year transition period. Normally specified at the 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) level, quotas are applied to a very large number of products, some 800 categories in the case of the US. They are also negotiated on a country-by-country basis. As such, quota allocations are non-transparent, and are often portrayed as a form of cashless ODA (Bhagwati and Panarariya, 2004, p. A9; and Wehrfritz and Seno, 2005, p. 37).
MFA and ATC quotas were imposed mostly on T&C imports from developing countries by notably Canada, the EU (including Austria and Finland), Norway,
