alth, different working attitudes or the high population growth combined with unemployment. From the demand side, deficient skills, uneducated workforce or techniques that help the automation of production leaving human capital unneeded. Also, low incomes prevent savings and investments, leading to less working positions. Lastly, low incomes are associated with high family member numbers, because children are the reason states provide social and economic security in these families. (Dickens, 1998)In developed economies a contradictory trend exists. Firms focus more and more on social corporate responsibility, adopting codes of conduct yet inequalities arise within the workforce due to weakening of their unions, loss of state provision and raising antagonism from offshore subcontractors. One more implication is that markets are not these abstract structures based on economic theory, meaning that the concept of “free” market does not exist. Markets are being shaped daily by the power struggle of economic and non-economic actors, and the struggle to regulate the markets at their will. The market does not become more “free” under new ways of governance rather that it is controlled by different forces and constraints. (Levy, 2008)
全球生产网络由不同行为者之间的怀疑和合作组成，从公司到政府机构和非政府行为者。因此，这些网络不仅仅是企业争夺市场份额或增值活动的舞台。它们构成了一个复杂的政治经济体系，在这个体系中，企业和市场是建立在社会政治环境的基础上的。全球生产网络的影响既存在于发展中经济体，也存在于发达经济体。对于发展中经济体来说，一个问题是就业增长。大多数发展中国家都是农业国家，全球生产网络将就业平衡转移到制造业或服务业。由于缺乏培训或教育，这些国家无法用土著人口来填补这些职位，导致全球公司无法聘请外籍高管。一些发展中国家，如东亚国家，在整合这些全球生产网络和做法方面取得了发展，但在维持这种发展方面面临困难。然而，问题的关键在于贫困。低收入意味着生活水平低，这源于一个国家整个劳动力的平均生产率低。这种低生产率是不同因素造成的。从供应方面来看，一些因素是健康状况不佳、工作态度不同或人口高增长加上失业。从需求方面来看，缺乏技能、未受过教育的劳动力或有助于生产自动化的技术使人力资本变得不必要。此外，低收入阻碍了储蓄和投资，导致工作岗位减少。最后，低收入与高家庭成员数量有关，因为儿童是国家为这些家庭提供社会和经济保障的原因。在发达经济体中，存在着一种矛盾的趋势。公司越来越关注社会企业责任，采用行为准则，但由于工会的削弱、国家供应的丧失以及海外分包商的对抗，劳动力中出现了不平等现象。另一个含义是，市场不是基于经济理论的抽象结构，这意味着“自由”市场的概念并不存在。经济和非经济行为者的权力斗争，以及随心所欲地监管市场的斗争，每天都在塑造市场。在新的治理方式下，市场并没有变得更加“自由”，而是受到不同的力量和约束。
Global production networks tend to be the main process of production and value creation for multinational corporations. In the era of globalization, global production networks are the main forces behind it, integrating different cultures and ways of conducting business into a common system for profit for every actor within the organization. A thorough global strategy is needed though, for a network to be successful, practical and salutary, and take into consideration as many factors as possible that can affect the performance of the network in positive or negative ways. The increasing competition and the need for profits, are the main drivers for constructing a global production network and the constant evolving technologies in transportation and communication and the flexibility of capital are the means to do it. Multinational corporations occupy the role of the coordinator within the network, putting in use their superior knowledge of conducting global business to ensure the success of the network, the goals set by the shareholders and the prosperity of every actor within network. Suppliers and subcontractors align with the goals of the multinationals, parallel to their own, recognizing the opportunities and benefits that come with being a part of the network, either by gaining more profits or by evolving their own capabilities with the knowledge they acquire within it. Non-firm actors, such as governments and non-profit organizations, try to impose regulations and codes of ethics within these networks, either to serve their own personal agenda or -like in many cases- to restore justice and fair share for every actor of the network that might not obtain a fair amount of benefits. Global production networks account for an enormous share of global economic activity, affecting every person’s life in a bigger scale, such as interaction of corporations with governments for favorable policies in either way, or a smaller scale, such as the everyday activities of a normal consumer.
References 参考文献
Blair John, “Local Economic Dev
