独立宣言，由13个殖民地的代表在1776年7月4日签署，基于托马斯·潘恩的思想自由、民主和平等的状态：“所有人都是平等的，与造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的独立。”战争的胜利，推翻了英国政府的殖民统治，建立一个独立的共和国。美国人民开始在美国建立自己的民主制度。大多数州已经通过了州宪法。在这些国家宪法中，个人的权利是明确规定的，原则上，人们有选举权和被选举权。然而，这些民主权利不被所有的居民，穷白人，黑人享有，印度妇女享受不到民主政治权利
。
200多年后，他们能否享有独立宣言中所提供的自由、平等、民主的权利，是一个值得研究的问题。本文讨论了美国黑人、妇女和印第安人如何争取他们的权利，以及美国社会的民主、自由和平等权利的现状。
1.0 Introduction 简介
The Declaration of Independence, signed by 13 colonial representatives on 4 July, 1776 and based on Thomas Paine's ideas of freedom, democracy and equality states: "All men are created equal, and the Creator gives them a number of inalienable rights, including the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The victory of the war of independence overthrew the British government's colonial rule and established an independent republic (Griffin, 2008). The American people began to establish their own democratic system in the United States. Most states have passed the state constitutions. In these state constitutions, the rights of individuals are clearly defined, in principle, people have the right to vote and to stand for election. However, these democratic rights were not enjoyed by all the inhabitants, poor white, black, Indian and women do not enjoy democratic and political rights (Griffin, 2008).
More than 200 years later, whether they can enjoy the rights of freedom, equality, democracy provided in the Declaration of Independence is a problem that is worthy of study. This essay discussed how American blacks, women, and Indians fought for their rights, as well as the current state of democracy, freedom, and equal rights in American society.
2.0 Body 正文
2.1 The course of American blacks’ pursuing equality
In the first half of the 19th century, the development of party politics, the establishment of NSW and the demand for immigrants promoted the first expansion of US citizens' voting rights. The states have reduced and phased out electors' eligibility limits, but they still retain gender and skin color qualification limits. On the eve of the civil war, the right to vote in all white men has been achieved. However, there is no guarantee for the political rights of the blacks. The reason lies in that, first of all, white people discriminate against the blacks and think that there is a huge gap between the blacks and whites in terms of physiology, morality, reason and thinking. Then, the slave owners in the South were the important force of the American War of Independence. In order to safeguard their interests, the Declaration of Independence did not guarantee the rights of the black people.
After independence, the North of the United States called for the development of capitalism in the western region, restricting or even prohibiting the expansion of slavery; the South was trying to expand the slavery in the west and even the country. Conflict between the two sides in the 1850s in some areas has led to armed conflict. In 1856, it opened the civil war. In July 1863, Lincoln published the famous Gettysburg speech, Lincoln’s solemn wording not only expressed the highest respect for soldiers who gave their lives in the battle, but also stressed that the civil war was not only to defend national unity, and at the same time, it was also fighting for the principle of human equality. This speech represented Lincoln's ideal of pursuing equality for the people, and the end of the civil war did abolish slavery to give the Negroes freedom, but the political rights of the blacks were not guaranteed, and the blacks did not have the rights to participate in elections, association and accept education (Griffin, 2008; Hoston, 2012). In addition, apartheid was determined in the form of legal form, indicating that the discrimination in the American society against blacks was not improved because of the victory of the Civil War and from the end of the Civil War to the mid-20th century, in order to resist oppression and discrimination in American society against blacks, they held a series of
