Economic essay范文：沙特阿拉伯通货膨胀贸易平衡与汇率
Inflation trade balance and exchange rate in Saudi Arabia
对经济金融的重要汇率研究进行了大量的研究。在那里，汇率对任何国家都是非常重要的，因为它们决定了进出口的水平。如果本币升值本币升值，进口商品在国内市场会更便宜，当地的公司会发现，他们的外国竞争对手的商品对顾客更具吸引力。如果国家有一个强大的货币，那么它的商品在国际市场上变得更加昂贵，从而导致失去竞争力。
除了汇率制度有一个重要的作用，减少或减少汇率波动的风险，这将对经济产生影响。汇率的任何变化都会对经济产生巨大的影响。作为一个例子，当泰国政府决定浮动泰铢在1997年年中，它导致了金融危机，遍及（传染效应）在Asian，这也被称为亚洲金融危机。危机是造成国内亚洲国家汇率甚至一些东亚国家大幅降低。然而，汇率变动对通货膨胀产生分歧的一个重要影响在动车组，特别是爱尔兰2000-2003年的外围通货膨胀经历被1999-2002美元的疲软强烈影响。这是众所周知的，一个稳定的实际汇率在经济稳定，发展和增长中起着核心作用。实际汇率的稳定对发展中国家来说至关重要，因为它会影响资本流入、外商直接投资和贸易。
There many study have been examined about important exchange rate to economic and finance. Where exchange rates are very important for any country as they determine the level of imports and exports. If a domestic currency appreciates with respect to a foreign currency, imported goods will be cheaper in the domestic market and local companies would find that their foreign competitor's goods become more attractive to customers. If the country has a strong currency then its goods become more expensive in the international market, which results in lost competitiveness.
In addition to exchange rate system has an important role in reducing or minimizing the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates, which will have an impact on the economy. Any changes in exchange rates will have a great impact on the economy. As an example, when the Thailand government's decide to float the Thai Baht in mid-1997, it caused the financial crisis that pervade (contagion effect) in Asian, which is also known as the Asian financial crisis. The crisis is causing the exchange rate of domestic Asian countries and even some East Asian countries sharply depressed (Noer Azam Achsani, 2010). However, Exchange rate movements have an important impact on inflation divergence within the EMU and in particular that Ireland's outlying inflationary experience in 2000-2003 was strongly affected by the dollar's weakness during1999-2002 (Philip R. Lane2004). And also it is well known that a stable real exchange rate plays a central role in economic stability, development, and growth. Real exchange rate stability is crucial to developing countries since it affects capital inflows, foreign direct investment, and trade according to comparative advantage.
Over past decades, Middle East has experienced several inflationary shocks. To deal with price volatility and to curb inflation, many MENA countries have chosen the policy of fixed exchange rates as the preferred policy anchor. The idea was that by pegging their national currencies to the currency of a country with strong institutions and traditions of stability they import credibility and confidence to their economies. However, the decision of pegging the exchange rate comes at the expense of loosing monetary policy independency. Nevertheless, the under-developed monetary institutions undermine the capacity of monetary authorities to use discretionary monetary policy successfully. In addition, fixed exchange rate regime- to the limit of its sustainability- appears to be the best means in achieving price stability as for various reasons, many Middle East countries were reluctant to let the nominal exchange rate adjust freely. Indeed, exchange rate as a nominal anchor provides a highly visible commitment, inciting an optimal macroeconomic performance especially if political costs of loose monetary and fiscal policies are high (Darine ghanem , 2010 ).
Moreover, in the early 1990s, some Middle East countries, while ensuring reforms, have adopted more flexible exchange rate policies allowing some scope for monetary policy independency. Greater exchange rate flexibility seems to perform relatively well in term of inflation performance during these last past years.
For decades the exchange rate was at the center of macroeconomic policy debates in the emerging markets. In many countries the nominal exchange rate was often used as a way of bringing down inflation; in other countries mostly in Latin America the
