relates to the learning school, it takes into consideration past events before implementing strategy.
这所学校制定的策略是通用的，特别是常见的，可识别的市场地位。此外，与其他学校相比，它在政治影响方面的突出程度较低，如内部和外部对组织战略形成的影响。此外，这所学校与学习型学校关系密切，在实施战略之前会考虑过去的事件。
Next, this term paper will talk about learning school. The strategy as a learning process, both individuals and collectives learn about the situation and dealing with various kinds of situations. In contrast with planning school, this school gives anybody within the organisation the ability to develop organisational strategies. The role of the leader in this case is to manage the process as a whole in order to create a new strategy. The premises of this school are relative to positioning school, the strategies of this school are developed through looking at the past, and then developing plans for the future. Finally we will consider perspectives and guiding the overall strategies for the organisation.
接下来，本文将讨论学习型学校。战略作为一个学习过程，无论是个人还是集体都要了解形势，处理各种情况。与计划学校相比，这所学校赋予组织内任何人制定组织战略的能力。在这种情况下，领导者的作用是将整个过程作为一个整体进行管理，以创建一个新的战略。这所学校的前提是相对于学校的定位，这所学校是通过回顾过去，然后制定未来计划来制定战略的。最后，我们将考虑观点并指导组织的总体战略。
An example of how the learning school is imperative is in the case of Honda in the US, as they tried to break into the American market. Honda’s strategy was to learn how business was conducted in America before implementing a strategy. They made mistakes in the process but learnt from them. The learning school sees the world as too complex to allow strategies to be developed all at once as clear plans or visions. Hence strategies must emerge in small steps, as an organization adapts or learns.
学习学校是如何势在必行的一个例子是美国的本田，因为他们试图打入美国市场。本田的战略是在实施战略之前了解在美国的业务运作方式。他们在这个过程中犯了错误，但从中吸取了教训。学习型学校认为世界过于复杂，无法将战略作为明确的计划或愿景同时制定出来。因此，随着组织的适应或学习，战略必须循序渐进。
Last but not least, the formulation and implementation processes involved are very closely intertwined and often become indistinguishable.
最后但并非最不重要的是，所涉及的制定和执行过程是紧密交织在一起的，往往变得难以区分。
In the entrepreneurial school, the strategy formation process is focused on the leader and based on strategic vision. In addition, the power is centralized in the hands of the leader and the strategy is searching for new opportunities.
在创业学派中，战略的形成过程以领导者为中心，以战略眼光为基础。此外，权力集中在领导者手中，战略正在寻找新的机会。
As Shekhar (2009) point out, some deficiencies include dependence on single individual and narrow focus of strategic management, as power is vested with a single individual who might be enmeshed in operating details and may lose focus of ground realities. Further, the vision formulation happens in the start-up firms. In contrast, large firms rarely re-evaluate or reframe their vision (McLarney & Shelley 1991). For example the success of eBay has come from its implementation if an initial ideal. By developing a community of customers, integrate suppliers and customers or among them to sharing their products and services for the whole eBay community.
正如Shekhar所指出的，一些不足之处包括对单个个人的依赖和战略管理的狭隘关注，因为权力被授予单个个人，他们可能会陷入操作细节中，并可能失去对地面现实的关注。此外，愿景的制定发生在初创企业中。相比之下，大公司很少重新评估或重新构建他们的愿景。例如，eBay的成功来自于它的实施，如果说这是一个最初的理想的话。通过开发一个客户社区，整合供应商和客户，或在他们之间为整个易趣社区共享他们的产品和服务。
According to these hypotheses of environment school, to continue to existent, an organization need respond to a change in the environment. A change normally takes place either in a certain aspect of the environment such as technology, economy, political or other causes. In addition, the environment is so uncertain, particularly at a global level, that it may be impossible to plan a long term strategy. Therefore an organizations need to develop strategies that are best suited to their strengths and weaknesses in relation to the environment in which they operate (Lynch 2009, p.8). For example Google faced a highly competitive environment when they launch a research engine, the competitor such as Yahoo, Ask. The changing of economic growth in many markets had affected the customers’ decision to find out a new products and services. Therefore a company need to cope with those changes. In fact, the organization may be
