Licensing measures: Main types of licenses are the general and one-time licenses.
Quantity control measures: As the name suggests, those measures are done in order to control the quantity of imports or exports. Quotas, prohibitions, export restraint agreements and enterprise specific restrictions are found in this category.
Monopolistic measures: Measures such as single channel for imports and compulsory national services have been grouped under monopolistic measures.
Technical measures: The ASEAN has defined technical measures as “referring to product characteristics such as quality, safety or dimensions, including the applicable administrative provisions, terminology symbols, testing and test methods, packaging, marking and labelling requirements as they apply to a product.” Here, technical regulations, pre-shipment inspection, special custom formalities, obligation to return used products and obligation of recycling have been deemed to be technical measures.
Moreover, some scholars divide non-tariff measures between internal taxes, administrative barriers, health and sanitary regulations and government procurement policies. Another group of scholars divide the non-tariff measures into specific limitations on trade, customs and administrative entry procedures, standards, government participation in trade, charges on import and other categories. However, there is a traditional cataloguing of non-tariff barriers which is comprised of three categories, namely:
Methods directly linked to import restrictions for protection of certain sectors of the national industries.
Methods that are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and more related to the administrative bureaucracy.
Methods that are not directly aimed at restricting the import or promoting the export but whose effects lead to that result.
For the purpose of this assignment, the categories described by the UNCAD will be developed in the following chapter.
Non-tariff measures and their consequences.
Para-tariff measures.
Customs surcharges: Customs surcharges are added charges on customs duties. In broad term, surcharges can be defined as a supplementary duty added to some charge.
On the microeconomic level, customs surcharges on a product will increase its price, and therefore, people who buy the product will have to pay a higher price. If the price elasticity of demand for that product is more than one (i.e., a change in price will lead to a more than proportional change in demand) then, people will stop consuming that product because they have shifted to other substitutes. The firm producing th
