The differences of animalwords between English and Chinese在内容上不属于相互并列的同一层次,而从属于3. 2 The differences of animal wordsbetween English and Chinese.3. 2. 1 National cultural charactersof animal words这个三级标题与同级标题3. 2. 2 Culutraldifferences of animal words between English and Chinese也非并列关系。
根据Gibaldi的观点,目录标题之间的关系不是并列关系就是从属关系。并列关系用于表达同等重要的思想,从属关系则表述不同等级的思想。为此,笔者认为,可采用删减、整合和理顺等方法理清目录层次不清的问题。删减在此是指把与论文题名或与上级标题相同的标题直接删去。这样删减一级标题3和三级标题3.2. 2后,再对其下属各级标题分别作相应的提升,从而避免了一级标题与论文题名的混淆,同时也避免了下级标题与上级标题的混淆。
整合在此是指把两个同级关联的标题合并为一。Marius和Wiener指出: 一旦发现有重叠或重复就要删减,或找出更佳表达方法。此处可采用整合法,即将原2. The Significance of Comparison and Contrast of Animal WordsBetween English and Chinese合 并 入1. Introduction; 将 原4. The Importance of Knowlege About Cultuarl Similarities andDifferences合并入原5. Conclusion,并将序号作相应调整。
这样,在Introduction中引出英汉动物词汇之比较对照的重要性,在Conclusion中总结英汉动物词汇的文化异同,引言和结论相互照应,既避免了同级标题的重叠,又避免了比重失调的问题。
理顺在此是指理顺隶属关系或并列关系。从逻辑上讲,原3. 3 Losses of cultural connotations in different languages二级标题应从属于The differences of animal words betweenEnglish and Chinese.原3. 2. 2. 1 Good sense in English but badin Chinese和原3. 2. 2. 2 Good sense in Chinese but bad in Eng-lish应从属于原3. 2. 1 National cultural characters of animalwords作此调整后,各级标题关系明确,层次清楚。经修改后的目录如下:
1. Introduction .............1
2. The Similarities of Animal Words Between Enlgish and Chinese.......2
2. 1 The same word in two languages expressing the samemeaning .......3
2. 2 The same cultural connotation of different animal words........4
3. The Differences of Animal Words Between English and Chinese.......4
3. 1 National cultural characters of animal words .....5
3. 1. 1 Good sense in English but bad in Chinese .....7
3. 1. 2 Good sense in Chinese but bad in English .....8
3. 2 Losses of cultural connotations in different languages ........9
3. 2. 1 The word rich in English cultural denotative meaningbut poor in Chinese .......9
3. 2. 2 The word rich in Chiese cultural denotative meaningbut poor in English .......10
4. Conclusion .....11
Bibliography......12
需说明的是: 为使目录简洁明了,大多数论文目录仅需二、三级标题即可。
三、统