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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Generalities and impacts of tropical cyclones
Indeed, natural disaster is part of the recurrent issue in Madagascar production; tropical cyclones mainly hitthe country with strong tropical cyclones in the East Northern part. But what is exactly a tropical cyclone?According to the Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory, andthe National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) a tropical cyclone is a term that designates alow frontal synoptic low pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters with organized convection.Furthermore, (Thomas , Doocy , Dick, Daniels, & Kirsch, 2013) added that its rotation is as a clockwise inthe southern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere. NOAA stated that their namesdiffer according to their wind strengths and locations as follow:
●“Tropical depressions” is a tropical cyclone with maximum maintained surface winds of less than 17 m/s.
●“Tropical storm” is a tropical cyclone that reaches winds of at least 17m/s and is assigned a name. Windsgreater than or equal to 33m/s are called:
● “Hurricane” when they are located in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast Pacific Ocean east of thedateline, or the South Pacific Ocean east of 160E;
● “Typhoon” when they are located in the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of the dateline;
● “Severe tropical cyclone” or “Category 3 cyclone” when they are located in the Southwest Pacific Oceanwest of 160°E or Southeast Indian Ocean east of 90°E;
●“Very severe cyclonical storm” when they are located in the North Indian Ocean;
●“Tropical cyclone” (TC) when they are located in the Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO).
Figure 2.1: TC and ET events by month, 1999-2009
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2.2 Political instability
In a political context, Madagascar has been hit by incessant political crises for almost 25 years due inparticular to diverging ideas on good governance of the country and self-interests on the part of the leaders’parties which lead to coup d’états, mass violent or non-violent demonstrations, civil wars, assassination andso on. Furthermore, the power given to the government influences the leaders of some countries to make achange in economic and social policies for their interests, not for their nations (Anselme & Jun, 2018).Numerous definitions of political instability were made through published articles yet two definitions wereplausible to define Madagascar’s political situation; (Morrison & Stevensson, 1971) describe politicalinstability as “a condition in political systems in which the institutionalized models of authority break down,and the required compliance to political authorities is replaced by political violence.” (Sanders, 1981)improves the definition as “the degree of to which the occurrence or non-occurrence of differences in andchallenges to the government, regime or community differs from the previous system-specific normalmodel”. Indeed, a political stability needs freedom of speech and political democracy especially indemocratic co
