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2.2 Context Model
To represent the social cognition, a series of mental models including experience model, event model, situation model and context model have been introduced into the socio-cognitive analysis of discourse[12]. The context model is a type of mental models, while the latter comes from psychology. The concept of mental model was first proposed by Johnson-Laird[29]. Johnson-Laird[29] posits mental models as theoretical entities necessary to explain how both explicit and implicit inference is possible. Mental models “play a central and unifying role in representing objects, states of affairs, sequences of events, the way the world is, and the social and psychological actions of daily life”[29]397. Generally, in psychology, the mental model aims to solve the ‘inference’ issue, which is more closely related to logical mode and formal semantics. However, when this psychological concept was introduced into discourse analysis by van Dijk and Kintsch[30], mental model is regarded as psychological correction to formal methods in discourse comprehension. In contemporary cognitive psychology, mental representations of situations are called mental models (ibid.). In other words, mental models are cognitive representations of our experience[12]61.
The mental model is both unique and personal. When people construct discourse events based on mental models, these models are not completely objective and unified, but varying from person to person. It is worth noting that people with similar social and cultural backgrounds often produce similar mental models when constructing discourse events, but this similarity cannot deny individual differences and personal preference in the construction process. The individual differences do not affect the hierarchical structure and main implications of mental models since the models are restricted by certain external objective factors and context, for example, a particular environment, identity group and institution in discourse. The individuality and subjectivity of mental model explain that this model not only presents the facts observed by discourse participants, but also certain viewpoints and emotions behind discourse. For example, when we read news and stories about the Wenchuan earthquake or current COVID-19 pandemic, we not only construct an individual version of these discourse events, but also form an evaluative judgment or common viewpoint. And these evaluative judgements are based on the common feelings of human beings. In doing so, mental models are often regarded as representations of our past experiences, and our experience will be stored in some way in episode memory, is a kind of long-term memory.
Fig. 2.1 Situation Schemata for the Situation Model
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3 Theoretical Framework......................... 18
4 Methodology ........................................... 19
4.1 Instruments and Materials................................ 19
4.2 Procedures................................... 21
5 Results and Discussion ................................ 22
5.1 Construction of Context-deictic
