开放式访谈和半开放式访谈中的模糊语言研究

nsically uncertain whether, had they been contemplated by the speaker, hewould have regarded them as excluded or allowed by the proposition. Byintrinsically uncertain we mean not uncertain in consequence of any ignorance of theinterpreter, but because the speaker’s habits of language were as excluding, anotheras admitting, those states of things. Yet this must be understood, to have reference towhat might be deduced from a perfect knowledge of his state of mind; for it isprecisely because these questions never did, or did not frequently, present themselvesthat his habit remained indeterminate.[1]
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2.2 The Classification of Vague Language
As a significant part of language, vague language is mainly represented by various vagueexpressions which can be divided into different types on the basis of different standards.Kempson makes a classification on the basis of function from the perspective ofsemantics, and classifies vague expressions into the following four types:The first type of vague expression refers to the lexical item with clear meanings,while the meaning will be vague when applied to certain objects. In other words, the lexicalitem has referential vagueness.[9]Take the lexical item “night” and “evening” as the examples.The definition of “evening” is “the part of the day between the afternoon and the time you goto bed” and the definition of “night” is “the time between one day and the next when it is dark,when people usually sleep”, according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, in otherwords, “night” is to some extent later than “evening”. But actually, it is difficult for people todecide “what time is evening?” and “what time is night?” and it is hard to say the exactborderline between “evening” and “night” as the result of the fact that different peopleholding different perceptions.
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Chapter 3 Research Design and Theoretical Framework .........15
3.1 Research Design ......15
3.1.1 Research Questions.....15
3.1.2 Data Collection....15
3.1.3 Research Methods and Procedures .....18
3.2 Theoretical Framework......19
3.2.1 Three Properties of Language.....19
3.2.2 Four Elements of Contextual Correlates of Adaptability .........21
Chapter 4 Analyses and Discussion ......24
4.1 Frequency Analyses of the Data .......24
4.2 Pragmatic Analyses of the Data ........30
4.2.1 Vague Words Adapting to the Interior World .....31
4.2.2 Vague Words Adapting to the Outside World .....36
Chapter 5 Conclusion .......42
5.1 Major Findings .........42
5.2 Limitations of the Study and Suggestions ......43

Chapter 4 Analyses and Discussion

4.1 Frequency Analyses of the Data
The research takes chi-square test of statistic major to test the efficiency of the data. Thesignificant level selected in this thesis is 5%; if the difference of P-value is less than 5%, thenit will be considered statistically valid. The author rewrites the audio recordings into text, andclassifies the vague words in the text according to table 4-1. And then the author asks onestudent who is at the same major to check the text. Through the examination, it is found thatthe accuracy between the tape recording and the rewriting text is 99%. Besides, the authoralso asks another student to classify the vague words in the text; through the comparison, it isfound that the accuracy between the student’s classification and the