技术演变的独特性是不同于前期的制造全球化，全球化不仅影响了日益增长的利益和世界新闻的意义，它还激发了热情的支持者和批评者。这篇文章的主要目的将探讨对可称为绝对或相对的贫穷全球化影响的不同方面。绝对贫穷是不能无限期维持最基本的物质，例如可饮用的水、 食品、 衣服、 卫生保健、 教育和住房水平的情况。而相对贫困是有限资源的情况下或收入相比之下他人一国之内或在全球平均水平。
The essay will first address the positive economic impacts of globalisation which helps to alleviate poverty before moving beyond this traditional aspect into the next part which looks into the positive social aspect - healthcare. However, there will always be two sides to a coin, the third and the fourth part will evaluate the negative impacts of economic and social of globalisation. Finally, the last paragraph will conclude the essay.
对经济产生的积极影响——Positive impacts on Economy:
Globalisation has caused an amalgamation of financial activities through the market spurred on by the reduction in the cost of transportation and communication and further more increasing the dependency on the market forces [iii] (Wolf, 2004). Since the 1960s, there has been an enhancement to the speed of worldwide transfers of money, employees and knowledge [iv] (Mittelman, 1996). With the advancement in technology, developing countries seems to be the preferred choice of destination for manufacturing to take place. This is due to the outsourcing of multinational corporations in the developing countries to tap into the low cost of production such as on labour and raw materials. As a result, exports will increase and eventually so will the economy. In 1970, there were only about three percent of the total exported manufactured products manufactured in the developing countries but it increased to eighteen percent in 1990. Manufactured products alone contributed about fifty percent of the total export in eight of the eleven large under-developed countries in 1997. These eight large countries were Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand and Turkey [v] (Krueger cited in Mandle, 2003, p.15-17). Another example will be in Angola, manufacturing in 1990 was only 5 percent of the Gross Domestic Product but it rose to 7.1 percent in 2009 [vi] (The World Bank, 2010). This is shows the importance of manufacturing and the correlation between exports and economic growth (Mandle, 2003). Therefore, an increase in exports can alleviate poverty especially in under-developed countries since it is a success for them to enter the export market due to low cost of production.
With an increase in exports, Gross Domestic Product and employment rates also rise due to the need to hire more workers to meet the surge in the demand for products. Statistics have shown that, there is an overall increase in the rate of employment in developing countries from 7 million in 1980s to 19 million in 1997 [vii] (Gabel and Bruner cited in Wills, 2009, p.576). The growth will improve the standard of living as more people are working and taking home at least a minimum income which can be spend on basic material needs. Once these needs are met, poverty will be alleviated over time.
The impacts of globalisation on the economy can also be short term. Advancement in technologies causes capital to travel from one place to another within the shortest amount of time [viii] (Leyshon, 1995). This made it easier for poverty - stricken countries to borrow money from the World Bank or International Monetary Fund (IMF) quickly especially during global economic crisis when they are in need of cash. This helps to cushion the impact of poverty by providing the basic level of material comfort to its people or through the development of the country. [ix] Cited from the IMF website, they are even strengthening their loaning capability to countries in need of funds. This shows the success of how this scheme can aid countries to the extent of improving the scheme. Therefore, this positive economic impact can temporarily alleviate poverty and this is made possible through globalisation.
对旅游业产生的积极影响——Positive impacts on Tourism:
Globalisation has caused the world to be compressed due to the advancement made in technolog
