This essay will first critically review the two reference papers which focus on the influences, the effects, the prospects and the utilities of sport and cultural events, and analyze the methodologies and methods that are conducted in both papers, with the aim of guiding our further research. What’s more, this essay gives comments based on the contents of the two papers in the context of hospitality industry and under the background of tourism of course. In addition, because the contents and the writing style are distinct in the two papers, the review and the analyses will be composed separately but not simultaneously.
A）严格审查和有关体育赛事和文化活动的两篇论文的分析
第一篇论文（由Vassilios Ziakas及卡拉A.科斯塔，2011）“的事件组合在区域社区和旅游发展中的应用：创建体育和文化活动之间的协同效应”由由Vassilios Ziakas和卡拉A.科斯塔（2011）写的，有事件组合的效用的感知的见解。A) Critical review and analyses of the two papers concerning sport events and cultural events
The first paper（Vassilios Ziakas & Carla A. Costa，2011） “The Use of an Event Portfolio in Regional Community and Tourism Development: Creating Synergy between Sport and Cultural Events” written by Vassilios Ziakas and Cara A. Costa (2011), has its perceivable insights on the utility of event portfolio.
By hosting big-scale sport events, cities earn ephemerally vibrant which can hardly last long（Wiewiora, Anna, Brown, Kerry, Dhakal, Subas, Mahmood, Muhammad Nateque ，2005）. The authors of the first paper intended to explore whether event portfolio can bring lasting effects to host communities. Because places that take event portfolio as a hospitality strategy are unwonted and previous data are almost impossible to find, ethnographic and practical methods are employed in the process. They took a town in southwest Texas, Fort Stockton, which hosts numerous sport events and cultural events in recent years as a reference place, to analyze the exact effects of event portfolio.
The authors point out that large-scale sport events are hosted with the aim to foster trades and commercial development, but these intentions seldom come to realization. In reality, large-scale sport events can’t be comprehensively capitalized by local investors, leaving their hotels and restaurant empty after the tides of events ebb. Adversely, the mandated goals of the policy makers to improve economic situation usually fall to fulfill. In addition, it bring haphazard environmental effects and unintended impacts to the community.B) Methodologies and methods used in the two papers.
C) Personal rethinking of the contents of the two papers.
The first paper emphasizes the functions of event portfolio based on observation of a reference field Fort Stockton. The effects of event portfolio can be identified as a hospitality strategy（Yigitcanlar，Tan，Lepik，Katri-Liis， Krigul，Merle，2014）. To make use of event portfolio, a city must be equipped with some necessities. Convenient infrastructure is one of the prerequisites. It builds up the abilities of a city to host different kinds of sport and cultural events. What’s more, the city image must be advertised to the outside world, making people eager to come and stay. Adversely, the power of the event portfolio can’t be overstated, we must avoid environmental problems and other unexpected problems which will be caused by skyrocketing passenger flows.The second paper which presents the problem of culture transformation and distortion, critiques the theory of “staged culture” as a devil to sweep cultural distinctions away. But in such a globalized world, transformation of cultures beyond borders can hardly avoid being added new connotations. Such additional connotations must based on the original meanings, but not wantonly given（Hanusch, Folker, Elfriede 2014）. International law is needed to impose restrictions on the deliberate distortion of cultural connotations, especially when someone utilize
