小额信贷计划对农村生计发展、妇女赋权和农民风险管理的影响--以中国陕西和孟加拉国为例

onal status (Mazumder & Lu, 2015b).Abdul Hakim (2010) explores that in the case of changes in household expenditure onclothing, there were not many significant differences between microfinance groups. Adger etal. (2009) in their organizational evaluation, noted that about 70% of CODEC membersreported that they improved their housing conditions via the generation of additional incomeby utilizing loan money. Although microfinance intervention does not directly influenceclients’ level of education, a positive influence has been shown on the education of members’children, i.e., borrowers' children are more likely to go to school than the children of non-members (Littlefield et al., 2003). The impact of microfinance programs on reducing povertyand enhancing social wellbeing of the deprived people has been extensively investigated.Reviewing the literature investigating the microfinance impact on poverty household-specificin rural areas shows disparities between supporters and opponents. In summary one canidentify three main positions in the microfinance literature: those that argue for the positiveimpact of microfinance on the poor; those that argue for the negative impact of microfinanceon the poor; and third position lies somewhere in between where there is a positive impact yet not for the poorest. Here the researcher only goes through with the positive impact ofmicrofinance on the poor as it relevant to the specific topic of the research. “Microfinanceprogram has a positive impact not merely on the poor household income and consumptionlevel but on their social wellbeing as well, reflected by the impact of these programs onrecipients’ level of education, health and children nutrition. However, microfinance works asa helping tool to encompasses the women's spirits of empowerment and independence” (Taha,2012).

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CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS................................27

3.1. Study area.................................. 27

3.2. Data Collection from China and Bangladesh.............................. 28

3.3. Spillover effects....................................30

CHAPTER 4. MICROFINANCE IMPACT ON RURAL LIVELIHOOD ANDENTRENURESHIP EXPANSION BEYOND SELF-EMPLOYMENT....................31

4.1. Introduction........................................31

4.2. Materials and Methods............................... 33

CHAPTER 5. IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON FEMALE EMPOWERMENT-EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SHAANXI, CHINA, AND BANGLADESH............. 50

5.1. Introduction..............................50

5.2. Methodology..................................52

CHAPTER 7. PROBLEMS, POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS, ANDPROSPECTS OF MICROFINANCE PROGRAM

7.1. Major problems faced by the Microfinance recipients

Table 7.1 presents that more than fifty percent of Bangladeshi respondents who arecommanding by Grameen Bank (52%) and almost one-third of the total sample respondentscollected from China opined they did not face any problem in the whole cycle period.Microfinance is not limited to borrowing, but also includes other financial services such assavings, insurance, asset transfer facilities, etc. (S. Khandker, 2005; Mazumder, 2016; Shah etal., 2015). Participants from both countries were asked to answer some questions about theproblems that they faced during the operation time (if any). Among all the problems some aresevere in China and some are massive in Bangladesh.

Table 7.1: Distribution of microfinance recipients according to their opined financingorganizational problems that faced during their involvement period

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CHAPTER 8. MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONOF POLICY IMPLICATIONS

This chapter deals with the overall findings of the study and then recommended policyframeworks for future strategy. A few recipients had used their received loan amount as fullyor partially non-assigned purposive. There were several reasons for this utilization pattern,such as personal consumption, for full payment of a previous loan, lending the loan