can be helpful with other types ofverbs besides manner-of-movement verbs, such as some non-manner-of-movement words likeshout and screech?2) Whether the filmed or animated depictions of literal sensesof verbs are even of moreand better value than Enactment & Mime-based instruction adopted in the current research?(Lindstromberg& Boers, 2005, p. 255).
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Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 A General Review of Metaphor
Metaphors are pervasive in our daily life. And they structure our conceptual systems andshape the way in which we perceive the world. Particularly, metaphors are critical cognitiveconstructswhich could enhance abstract thinking. For example, metaphors have greatinfluence on the way in which people think over complex problems, make problem-solvingdecisions (Thibodeau&Boroditsky 2011), and learn new concepts by extensions from olderones (Carroll & Thomas 1982).Indeed, according to Lakoff, metaphor is “the main mechanism through which wecomprehend abstract concepts and perform abstract reasoning” (Lakoff 1993, p. 44-45).Metaphor derives from the Greek word “metaphora”, which means “carrying across”.Therefore, we can see that metaphor is to transfer from one object to another, involving twoobjects. By carrying, some features of one object are transferred to another, and then peoplecan understand one object via another object. Aristotle is the leading scholar in the history towho has done such a systematic research on metaphor firstly as a linguistic ornament.And hisexplanations on the features and functions of metaphor have shed light on the following 2000years’ metaphor researches. In China, metaphor has been widely used in The Poetry of Songsin which writing techniques “bi” and “xing” are applied, with metaphor being categorized into“bi”. Previous researches on metaphor can be divided into two stages: 1)the traditional viewof metaphor as a linguistic ornament; 2) the cognitive view of metaphor(Chen, 2004). AndChinese scholars mostly set off their metaphor researches from the second stage. Among thetwo stages, many theories and models have sprung up constantly, including the comparisontheory and substitution theory attributed to Aristotle and Quintilian respectively, theinteraction theory attributed to Richards and Black (1968) in the first stage, and the cognitive theory attributed to Lakoff& Johnson (1980) and Fauconnier and Turner in the third stage.Therefore, Mark Johnson has coined the term “metaphomania” to describe such a crazyphenomenon.\
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2.2 A General Review of Verb Metaphor
Metaphors can be categorized into noun metaphor and non-noun metaphor in terms ofword class.And verb metaphor is included in the non-noun metaphor. Actually, researches onmetaphor mostly focus on the field of noun metaphor. And ten years ago, Cameron (1999) hasreferred that attentions on noun metaphors only may lead metaphor research into a wrong way,because different construal mechanisms of metaphor in other syntactic forms will beunderestimated and ignored by researches. Cameron (1999) mentioned definitely that, basedon the empirical surveys of different discourses, it can be found that verb metaphors are morecommonly used than noun metaphors and the former is the basic expression of metaphor. LisaA et al (2005), Utsumi& Sakamoto (2007) and scholars in China have also expressed thesimilar ideas. However, monographs on metaphor mostly skip over the field of verb metaphor,and relevant journals and theses on this field are rather rare (Zhang & Zhu, 2011).Each verb has its commonly cited noun collocations. For example, the verb “eat”correlates with “people” and “food” commonly. The high frequently used collocation is calledthe conventional semantic collocation. However, sometimes, because of the need of cognitionand expressions, verbs and noun
