to mainstream language. Coming from the perspective of linguistics and with a different purpose, linguists propose other versions of the definition of neologisms. Bloomfield(1933) defines a word as “a free form which is not a phrase, is a word. A word then is a free form which does not consist entirely of (two or more) lesser free forms: that is, a word is a minimum free form.” Plag(2003) conceives that new words are able to describe the new things and new concepts, convey some people’s attitudes or provide some variables, the new meaning arises whenever a short form is added by some morpheme. According to Bowker and Pearson(2002) a neologism may also be formed in another way, however, by assigning a new meaning to an existing word, sometimes called a semantic extension. Chinese linguist Han Qingguo(2003)maintains that neologisms are the words that are created to adapt to new invention, new things or new social phenomena, besides, existing words can also be recognized as neologisms when added with new meanings in new cultural context. In linguistics, neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created(“coined”) - often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older terms in newer language form.
...........
2.2 Previous Studies on English Neologisms Abroad
John Algeo(1991), the noted American neologism expert, demonstrated in the preface of his book Fifty Years Among the New Words, “although the dictionary of new word is warmly welcomed by readers only in recent years, actually the compiling of English dictionary began with the collection of new word ever since 1604.” In this regard, the research of English neologisms started from the compilation of English dictionaries. Some early English dictionaries like Table Alphabeticall (1604, Robert Cawdrey), An English Expositor: Teaching the Interpretation of the Hardest Words Used in our Language (1616, John Bullokar), and The English Dictionarie (1623, Henry Cockeram) all contained so-called “hard words”, which were absolutely new words to people in those days. These “hard words” were prompts for the scientific and systematic research on neologisms in the 20th century. In 1902, the book Word-Coinage, Being an Inquiry into Recent Neologisms, Also a Brief of Literary Style, Slang, and Provincialisms written by Leon Mead (1902) was recognized as the first book studying neologisms. Unlike a dictionary of neologisms, this book contained some articles about new words, in which the idea of making research on new words was put forward for the first time in history. Besides, lots of examples of new words created by some American writers at that time were also included. In 1920, a dean of the English department of United States Naval Academy named Alphonso Smith (1920) wrote a book entitled New Words Self-defined, in which 420 new words were illustrated by examples. He indicated specific date for every sentence that firstly contains certain new word. Though most of the new words recorded in this book are military words, it represented the first attempt to study English neologisms in the form of dictionary compilation. Another way to study neologisms was first used by Dwight Bolinger, a librarian in New York. He created a column The Living Language in the newspaper Words, discussing the neologisms in periodical sequences during 1937-1940. While in 1943, his column was brought into a magazine American Speech and renamed as Among the New Words. In the next year, Professor I. Willis Russell took the place of Bolinger and became the chief-editor of the column. The article he wrote Words and Meanings, New introduced a lot of new words and their new meanings.
..........
3 Theoretical Framework ...... 8
3.1 Introduction to Conceptual Integration The
