本文旨在介绍促进行为理论的概念和其对效率和在市场的竞争力的影响作用。在某些情况下公司涉及的一些行为和协议，都没有明确透露，但可以从公司专门在寡头垄断的框架的行为推断其存在。此类协定的存在可以导致反竞争的结果，以及促进成果。因此有正在进行的辩论反垄断文学是否认为这样的协议违反了反托拉斯法或不。本文试图揭示这一问题从不同的角度。
导言——INTRODUCTION
在几乎所有行业，存在相互依赖公司和公司和大多数情况下，这些公司的决定交织在一起。在寡头垄断的市场环境中，例如，公司关于价格和产出水平的决定对其他玩家有直接影响。
This brings about an inevitable communication among the players. However the crucial question is: when does this communication become collusive?
Firms in a market environment can make use of communication channels in order to maximize their collective profits by coordinating their strategies related to output and price levels. Nevertheless, this sort of coordination is not always easy to employ. Market conditions, such as market share or demand differences make it complicated to perform such coordinated or concerted actions. In addition, these market conditions can also make firms have different incentives and objectives which can normally be conflicting with each other. Such drawbacks of market conditions can also place a pro-competitive pressure on firms. To eliminate this sort of pressures and make the coordination materialize, firms use some practices which alleviate their problem of pressures originated by the existence of difference in incentives or market shares. In the literature, these sorts of devices are usually referred to as "facilitating practices". They serve the function of simplifying the coordination among firms in order that they achieve above competitive levels by means of price and output strategies.
Facilitating practices can have positive and negative effects on competition. If, for example, the firms agree upon the standards of the products, the buyers would have an opportunity to compare products and this in a way would result in a price competition based on the customer loyalty and satisfaction. As a result there would appear a competitive price throughout the industry. This in turn eliminates the product quality dimension of the competition and let the firms focus entirely on price competition and as a result make competitive prices prevail in the market. As we can see the concept of facilitating practice is hard to analyze. In terms of outcomes it leads and the process it is implemented, the facilitating practices concept implies ambiguity. However, it is clear that firms can make greater profits and can charge above competitive prices if they explicitly or implicitly coordinate.
In the view of these ambiguities and difficulties in understanding the concept of facilitating practices, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning and consequences of the term "facilitating practices". To accomplish this target, this paper is comprised of three parts. In the first part, we will be discussing the principles of facilitating practices and try to shed light on the theoretical background of facilitating practices by mainly utilizing economic analysis. In the following part, we will touch upon the common types of facilitating practices. In this section, the most frequently mentioned types of such practices will be evaluated. The last part is devoted to some real world case studies of facilitating practices. In order to obtain a firm grasp of theoretical issues discussed in the other parts, the real world appearances of the concept should be evaluated, hence this is the task of the third section. The final part concludes.
促进行为理论的基本原理——FUNDAMENTALS of FACILITATING PRACTICES
Repeated interaction between firms in any industry cause prices to be higher than they would be in competitive circumstances. The most apparent examples of intertwined action appear in oligopolistic markets. Players in these markets of this sort act while keeping in mind that mutual interdependence will make their actions have an impact on the reactions of their rivals and the expectations they generate. Most of the time the outcome of such interdependent strategies is higher price which is deemed undesirable by the consumers. However, the oligopoly markets are so tough to analyze that
