废水处理中天然高分子改性阳离子型絮凝剂的开发与应用

摘 要 本研究在对近年来国内外有关改性阳离子淀粉衍生物、木质素衍生物、甲壳素衍生物以及兼具絮凝作用的植物胶改性多功能水处理剂的研究、开发及应用等情况进行简要评述的基础上，通过具体的实验研制新型的淀粉改性阳离子型絮凝剂。 取一定量淀粉在85℃时搅拌糊化1h,降温后通N2约30min,在45℃保温,加入丙烯酰胺固体后再加入硝酸铈铵引发剂,进行接枝共聚反应3h,得到淀粉丙烯酰胺改性物(SAM)。当制备阳离子接枝共聚物时,同时加入一定量的占丙烯酰胺单体DADMAC10%(以Am的质量分数计),并进行接枝共聚反应3h,制得一定单体质量比的另一阳离子淀粉接枝共聚物(C-SAM),其固含量(质量分数)均为5%。 研究表明当SAM的单体[St]与[Am]的质量比为1∶3，C-SAM中的[St]与[Am]的质量比为1∶4；阳离子单体二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵为10%(以Am的质量分数计)时，两种接枝共聚物对造纸白水有比较理想的絮凝效果。接枝共聚物SAM在酸性条件下絮凝效果较好,阳离子接枝共聚物C-SAM受pH变化的影响较小,絮凝效果较为理想。 关键字：天然高分子；阳离子型絮凝剂；废水处理；淀粉；SAM；C-SAM Abstract On the foundation of brief commentary at the research, development and application about the multi-functional modifying water treatment pharmaceutical and modifying cation starch derivative, The derivative of the lignin, The plain derivative of crust in recent years both at home and abroad relevantly, then develop one kind of new-type starch-modyfied cationnic flocculant through concret experiment. At 85℃, mix and paste melting certain quantity of starch for an hour. After the drop of temperature, enter N2 openly for about 30 minutes. Then keep the temperature at 45℃ and after adding acyl amine and solid of propylene, adding the cerium ammonium initiator of nitric acid. Now carry on connect a piece of copolymerization reaction for another 3 hours, what we’ll get is called starch acyl amine of propylene modifying thing (SAM). When make preparation for cation connect a piece of copolymer, add certain quantity of Acyl amine of propylene at the same time, after 3 hours reaction we can get certain kind of single mass ratio cation starch acyl amine of propylene modifying thing (C-SAM). Its quality mark is 5%. It was discussed that synthesis, properties and application of copolymer (SAM,C-SAM) of acrylamide (Am) and starch(St). The results show that the copolymer obtained when the ratio of St and Am was 1∶3(wt),or ratio of Am, St and DADMAC was 1∶4∶0.4 (wt), have high effect of flocculation. When the copolymer was used for white water of papermaking, it has a remarkable effect on flocculation. SAM can get a better result under acid circumstances. C-SAM get little effect by PH value, and get a better flocculation result. Key words: Naturalpolymer; Cationic flocculation; Wastewater treatment; Starch; SAM; C-SAM 目 录 1 前言 1 2 絮凝剂的定义、分类及作用机理 3 2.1 絮凝剂的定义 3 2.2 絮凝剂的分类 3 2.2.1 金属盐类 3 2.2.2 高分子絮凝剂 5 2.2.3 微生物絮凝剂 8 2.3 絮凝剂的作用机理 9 2.3.1 胶体粒子的性质 9 2.3.2 絮凝剂在水中的组分 10 2.3.3 絮凝剂对胶体粒子的作用 12 2.3.4 絮凝剂作用机理分析 13 3 天然高分子改性阳离子型絮凝剂 15 3.1 淀粉衍生物 16 3.1.1 改性淀粉絮凝剂 16 3.1.2 淀粉接枝共聚物絮凝剂 17 3.1.3 淀粉氧化制备多功能水处理剂 18 3.2 木质素衍生物 18 3.2.1 木质素季铵型阳离子絮凝剂 19 3.2.2 木质素接枝共聚物絮凝剂 19 3.2.3 木质素絮凝剂 19 3.2.4 木质素衍生物絮凝机理研究 21 3.2.5 发展趋势 21 3.3 甲壳素衍生物 22 3.3.1 壳聚糖类 22 3.3.2 羧甲基壳聚糖类 22 3.3.3 甲壳多聚糖类 23 3.4 兼具絮凝作用的植物胶改性多功能水处理剂 23 3.5 天然高分子改性阳离子型絮凝剂的发展展望 23 4 淀粉改性阳离子型絮凝剂的制备 25 4.1 淀粉改性阳离子型絮凝剂分类 25 4.1.1 接技共聚物 25 4.1.2 淀粉醚类 26 4.1.3 淀粉黄原酸酯 27 4.1.4 其它 27 4.3 淀粉改性阳离子型絮凝剂的制备与应用 27 4.3.1实验部分 28 4.3.2 结果与讨论 28 4.3.3 实际应用效果 31 4.3.4 结论 32 4.4 建议 32