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power politics: the former focuses on high-level political issues such as security, balance of power and sphere of influence, while the latter focuses on low-level political issues such as natural resources, energy and environment. The former regards inter-state relations as the "national interest" of conflict, while the latter holds that countries are interdependent and share common interests and international cooperation. In terms of concrete laws, the former is the law of balance of power, "what you gain is what I lose", while the latter is the law of cooperation, "what we lose is all gain". The former prefers bilateral management while the latter prefers multilateral management. In terms of specific organizational mode, the former is a hierarchical system with two or more poles, while the latter is closer to egalitarianism. These statements lead to the practical necessity and possibility of international cooperation.

With the expansion of interdependence in the world economy and international cooperation, focusing on the study of international institutions is of great significance to advancing international cooperation. Neoliberal institutionalists argue that because of the international system, post-hegemonic cooperation is possible and realistic. Conceptually, the international system refers to "a set of formal or informal rules that define the duties of the act, limit the action and affect the enduring interconnectedness of the actor's expectations". International cooperation refers to "inter-governmental cooperation as a result of the process of policy coordination, when the policies followed by one government are regarded by the governments of other countries as promoting mutual understanding of their own goals". According to neo-liberal institutionalism, the international system plays a role in cooperation: promoting the conclusion of specific cooperative agreements among countries and providing information and trust foundation for the establishment of new cooperative relations; To alleviate the pressure of egoism, lack of regulation and market failure and promote the positive development of established cooperative relations; The principles and rules of the mechanism make the pursuit of short-sighted interest less attractive by facilitating the interconnection of issues. As for how to analyze the relationship between international system and international cooperation, neo-liberal institutionalism provides the analysis methods of game theory and functionalism. However, similar to the international mechanism theory of realism, it also serves to maintain the world hegemony system led by the United States. Moreover, it does not explain very well the factors that impede international cooperation, such as power and country considerations of relative gains.

With the end of the cold war, almost all countries in the world economy were involved in a unified market economy system; In the field of international politics, the two-level confrontation pattern breaks down and global interdependence becomes the most prominent feature of the era. In the 1990s, the development of constructivist theory was an innovation in international political research methods and provided a new perspective for people to understand international cooperation. Alexander ・ winter "multiculturalism" are put forward. "In most organizations, people cooperate not only because they cooperate to realize their personal interests, but also because