dissertation 格式-英文dissertation文献引用格式-
dissertation通常是欧美国家学生所写的硕士，博士大论文。如同国内的硕士学位，博士论文一样，要求相当的严格，所以在写作的时候要注意它的规格与标准。本站帮写留学生论文中心为您整理一份完整的dissertation，其基本格式通常包含以下内容：
Introduction, presenting information on the field of study and the question or hypothesis under research. Apart from this, the chapter focuses on the topicality, main objectives, tasks involved in the research。
Literature review, focusing on the researches into your subject carried out by outstanding scientists, whose ideas serve you as the basis of your own research. In addition, we mention here the most up-to-date researches, as well as enumerate the drawbacks of out-dated ones. The more extended is our list of the literature referred, the more argumentative your own research will be.
Methodology section, mentioning your research question or hypothesis and suggesting one or more appropriate scientific methods with the help of which you can answer your spot question, or prove/reject the hypothesis you have put forward in Introduction. Of no less importance for your dissertation is to convincingly justify the preferred methods of scientific research, stating both their advantages and limitations.
Findings, outlining a set of findings which make your original scientific contribution to the investigated subject area.
Conclusions and Recommendations, briefly summing up the whole research, underlining our novelty, findings, as well as giving suggestions for future research.
List of references, presenting a list of publications directly relevant to the topic dealt with.
Set of appendices, practically illustrating the material presented in theoretical chapters, etc.
英文文献引用格式：
一、注意事项
1）中文在前,英文在后
2）英文参考文献中作者,编者姓名应该先姓后名
3）顺序:作者的姓,名,作品名,出版地,出版社名称,出版年份等.各条目应该严格按照作者姓的首字母排列,如
Bloom, Edward A., and Lillian D. Bloom. Willa Cather's Gift of Sympathy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1962.
Cather, Willa……
Daiches, David…..
二、写作规范
1)一人撰写的,如:
Barth, John. Chimera. New York: Houghton, Mifflin,2001.
2)选集
文献目录的第一个组成部分是选集的编辑的姓名,后接逗号,再接ed. (editor),有时还会有comp. (compiler), trans. (translator)等.如:
Abrahams, William, ed. Prize Stories: O. Henry Awards 1985. New York: Doubleday, 1985.
3).多人合作
英文引用中只需要将第一作者的姓名颠倒,其余作者的排序按文献标题页上的顺序即可.如:
Crystal, D.,and D. Davy. Investigating English Style. London: Longman, 1969.
注意:三人以内的通常在最后一位用and连接,后接句点.若作者有四为或更多,一是可以一一列出,二是只列出第一位作者的姓名,其余各位用et al.(拉丁语,and the others).如:
Quirk, Randolph, et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
4)团体撰写
第一个组成部分为撰写该著作的团体名称,其它的部分相同. 如:
American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. New York: Random, 1989.
5)选集中的作品
应在该条目中标示所引用内容的作者姓名和标题.顺序一般为:引用文章的作者姓名,文章的标题,译者的姓名,选集的标题,编辑的姓名,出版地,出版商的名称,出版年份以及引用部分的起止页码.如:
Kafka,Franz. “ The Metamorphosis.” Trans. Edwin Muir and Willa Muir. The Riverside Anthology of Literature. Ed. Douglas Hunt. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1988.
6)未署名著作
条目的第一项为作者的标题.如:
Greece:1974. Athens: National Tourist Organization of Greece, 1973.
7)再版著作
条目中应该添加有关版次的信息,2nd ed.表示第2版,Abr. ed. (Abridged edition删节版),
Rev. ed. (Revised edition修订版).若文献的标题之后有文献的译者或编者的姓名,则将版次信息移至译者或者编者之后.如:
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Ed. F. W. Robinson. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton, 1957.
8)若是引用网上的文章：
1．该项目或者数据库的标题（划线）
2．编辑的姓名
3．电子出版信息：包括可能有的版本号（但不能是标题的一部分），电子出版日期，主办机构或者组织的名称
4．访问日期和网址
如：
An Analysis of Jane Austen’s Characters. Ed. David Kerr. May 1997. Cambridge U.
9 Sep.1999
9) 若是期刊文章引用则注意：
引号内是论文的标题，后接其出版信息，其后是刊登此论文摘要的期刊名称（用下划线标示）及出版年份。如：
Perry, David. “ The Creative Personality.” Psychology Today 36 (1996).
(其中36表示期号)
三、易错之处
1）参考文献中出版社前没有给出版地
2）汉语书名没有使用书名号,英文书名没有使用斜体或下划线,英文文章两边没有使用引号
3）英文参考文献中应该先姓后名
