黄土高原有机苹果生产标准化研究

黄土高原有机苹果生产标准化研究

摘  要

苹果产业是我国农村经济的重要支柱产业，也是农民收入的主要来源之一，苹果产业的兴衰，直接影响我国苹果产区的经济发展和农村经济增长，因而在农村经济中占有十分重要的地位。黄土高原是世界苹果生产的七大优质区之一，亦是我国苹果的主要产区。洛川作为黄土高原优质苹果生产的代表县，其种植面积已经发展到3.3万hm2，是世界上苹果生产最密集地区之一。
本研究以洛川县苹果生产作为研究对象，通过实地调查、果农访问、田间试验和分析研究，对当地苹果产业及苹果生产标准化的应用情况进行了比较系统的研究，以建立有机苹果生产标准化体系，从而推动有机苹果生产的快速发展。
本研究对洛川县4个乡镇的10个苹果生产基地进行了调查和产地环境检测，结果表明，所有受检测的苹果生产基地土壤和大气指标，均符合有机苹果生产要求，适合发展有机苹果。
田间肥效试验研究表明，在果园施用时代生态有机肥与和化肥，对苹果的产量、品质及生物学性状有着不同的影响。施用该有机肥的果园在上述指标上明显优于施用化肥的果园，适合作为有机苹果生产用肥。
田间药效试验研究表明，鱼藤酮、苦参碱、茴蒿素和除虫菊素四种农药对苹果蚜虫的防治效果在用药1 d后都比较低，只有24.78%～40.67%，远远低于化学农药乐斯本94.57%的防效，但在用药7 d后防治效果上升到71.89%～83.25%，达到或超过化学农药乐斯本73.06%的防治效，这些生物源农药可以作为有机苹果生产中防治蚜虫用药。  
通过对相关标准的研究分析，结合洛川苹果生产实际状况，提出了建立黄土高原有机苹果生产标准化体系框架表，最终建立起以生产组织、管理体系、生产基地、种苗生产、栽培管理、污染管理和采后管理7个一级因子、26个二级因子和相关标准的组成的三级结构框架，并确定出了黄土高原有机苹果生产标准化的10个关键控制点，分别体现在“管理手册、程序文件、操作规程、记录系统、土壤管理、有害生物管理、果园卫生、药械管理、运输管理和产品追踪”等方面。同时也提出了黄土高原有机苹果生产中主要影响因子的技术措施和建议。
黄土高原有机苹果生产标准化体系的建立，有利于黄土高原地区有机苹果产业的快速发展，对其他省、区的有机苹果产业发展也有一定的参考价值。

关键词：有机苹果；黄土高原；标准化；关键控制点

STUDIES ON STANDARDIZATION OF ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION IN LOESS PLATEAU IN CHINA

ABSTRACT

Apple is the most important cultivation plant and one of the major industries and incoming for the farmers in China. The development of apple planting can directly affect the industry and economic increase, so it is very important for the rural economy. Loess Plateau is one of the seven best areas for the apple growth, and it is also the main apple planting district in China. Luochuan county is one of the most denseness for apple growth in the world, the planting area is 3,3000 hm2,which can be on behalf of good apple product in Loess Plateau.
The objective of this research is to investigate, interview, test and analysis the local apple industry and the applying of the standards in apple production in Luochuan county. And then,  a standard system leading to organic apple producing will be proposed so that speeding the development of organic apple.
Ten basic organic apple districts in 4 towns of Luochuan county were investigated. The results showed that both the soil and atmosphere indexes in tested sites were fit for the environment requirements of organic apple, suggesting that Loess Plateau area was a ideal place for  www.51lunwen.org/nytg/organic apple planting.
Effect of different fertilizer utilize on apple fruit yield, quality and development of apple tree were conducted in field. The results showed that the products, quality and economical characters are different by fertilizing Shidai ecological organic manure and chemical manure in the apple orchards. The orchards which used this organic manure are much better than those using chemical manure, so the organic manual should be one of the criteria of organic apple planting, and it is the ideal fertilizer for organic apple.
Control of four kinds of pesticides, Rotenone, Matrine injection, Santonin and Pyrethrins, to pear green aphid, Aphis pomi van De Geer, were ivestgated in apple orchards. The results showed that the control effects of the four pesticides, range from 24.78% to 40.67%, were significantly lower than that of Lorben (94.57%) after 1 d treatment, while, resulted in similar effect, range 71.89% to 83.25% respectively, to that of Lorben (73.6%) after 7 d, indicating  that these four biopesticides should be recommonded to utilizer on aphids management in organic apple produce.
The system of Loess Plateau organic apple planting standardization was proposed through research of relative standard and the actual situation in Luochuan. The system includes seven primary factors, i.e., production, management, base, seed, planting, pollution and post-collection management and twenty-six secondary factors and relative standards. Ten key control points are confirmed, and they are distributed in management handbook, program file, operation regulation, recording system, soil management, pest management, orchard sanitation, pesticide pollution, and transport and production feedback.
The sys