聚焦“程式化语言”提高初中生英语写作能力的实验研究

ng ability of junior middle students, researchers have adopted many theories into practice in recent year, which include formulaic language. In recent years, foreign language teachers and  linguists  are  becoming  aware  of  the  importance  of  formulaic  language  in  language learning  and  teaching.  Many  linguists,  such  as  Payley  &  Syder,  Nattinger  &  DeCarrico, Becker,  Lewis  and  willis,  have  carried  out  comprehensive  studies  on  formulaic  language. Krashen  and  Scarcella(1978)  indicated  that  learners  who  were  under  the  communicative pressure had to develop some formulas, namely, to memorize the ready-made expressions in order to encode the creative speech as well as compensate the lack of the knowledge of the rules  of  the  second  language.  Pawley  and  Syder  (1983)  called  formulaic  language  as lexicalized or institutionalized sentence stems. 
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Chapter Two Literature Review

The theoretical basis of this research is presented in this chapter. It includes four parts. At the beginning, it introduces theoretical foundations related with formulaic language. Next, it discusses  formulaic  language,  where  its  definitions  and  categories  are  presented.  Then, researches  on  the  functions  of  formulaic  language  are  introduced.  Finally,  it  introduces previous researches on formulaic language instruction both abroad and at home.  

2.1 The Theoretical Foundations
The  author  of  this  thesis  introduces  the  theoretical  foundations  related  with  formulaic language  including:  the  dual  mode  system,  corpus  linguistics,  and  language  acquisition theory.It is the fact that formulaic language is not a complete theory, but a study based on the dual nature of language, namely, analytical and formulaic nature, which is called “dual mode system”  (Skehan,  1999).  The  dual  mode  system,  on  one  hand,  is  using  knowledge  of  the language to generate and create sentences to express ideas, which is based on the grammatical rules of system. On the other hand, it is acquiring some bricks of the language, namely fixed phrases  and  sentence  patterns,  which  is  based  on  the  exemplar  system.  The  former characterizes by taking up a few space of long term memory, high abstraction and flexibility, while  the  latter  can  be  extracted  quickly  from  memory  to  meet  the  needs  of  real-time communication, then the expression is accurate. But the gain of such a system is processing speed  in  the  utterance  units  do  not  require  excessive  internal  computation.  It  is  argued  that neither  the  rule-based  system  nor  the  exemplar  system  is  ideal  independently.  The  formal leads  to  the  development  of  an  open,  form-oriented  system,  while  the  latter  emphasizes meaning  and  is  less  appropriate  for  underlying  system  change.  
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2.2 Formulaic Language